Agency and Deterministic Theories

Excitement for the engaged consequences of authoritative wonders has become out and out over the span of the latest a significant drawn-out period of time. By and large, this interest has shown itself in 'technique execution' examine. Standard framework execution scientists have concentrated the methods through which a firm picks its strategies and what's more the methodology through which those procedures are executed. In this effort, these scientists have relied enthusiastically upon considerations and speculations taken from hierarchical money related issues (e.g., trade cost monetary perspectives, office hypothesis), authoritative hypothesis (e.g., models of formal hierarchical structures), hierarchical lead (e.g., activity, individual and helpful decision making). A hypothesis was portrayed as including models, definitional systems, illustrative structure, and compelling forms. The standards appeared to survey a hypothesis as basic were that the hypothesis (1) should have exhibited significant in appreciation, explaining, and foreseeing the working of associations or the direct of people in them; (2) should have created gigantic research; and (3) should have clear consequences for training and application in some district of organization or authoritative working. The analyst will investigate office hypothesis just as the deterministic hypothesis to make our comprehension of authoritative activities (Agnihotri, 2014). The association hypothesis composing is stacked with deterministic chance theories in which the piece of the human choice is relegated to a spot discretionary to the objectives of natural choppiness, imaginative methods, size and ownership, information dealing with necessities or typical assurance structures. For example, proposed associations concerning honesty of fit examinations among associations and condition recommend that the layout of an association takes after basically thusly from the degrees of assortment and diserse quality showed by the earth. What such speculations do is acknowledge that these applicable restrictions are legitimate in their things and radically decrease the extent of authoritative response different alternatives to those that will make the right fit with the self-governing variable being alluded to. Camelia (2015) gathers this view concisely in the initial area of Organizations, all things considered. He fights that associations do a segment of the fundamental things they do in light of the fact that they shouldâ€or something terrible may occur! Later on, he communicates that the factors constrained by the association are subjected to the prerequisites and conceivable outcomes. In separating shut structure and open-system strategies for inspecting associations, Hong-wei and John (2013) grant as how the last allows in a greater number of elements than a man can get a handle on at once, realizing bizarreness and weakness, and the past gives the psychological comfort of anticipating determinacy. Despite the way that Thom was suggesting the dangers went up against by a director, in case one looks cautiously enough, one notice the maker's inspiration of decreasing his own intelligent helplessness by searching for determinacy among the determined and observational plans available. Determinism is one typical for the hierarchical composing alluded to. Another is reductionism: the surveys will in general focus on one free factor (e.g., the degree of choppiness) as it makes overseers control single word variable (e.g., structure). Besides, the theories, all around, are gotten from static, cross-sectional association considers, which display issues of causal conclusion: these sorts of examinations expect that the structures being thought about are in equilibria. In one survey that attempted to amend for both of these limitations, Krstov and Vodopivec (2012) searched for speculative mix by dissecting how paces of progress of two independent components (size and advancement) impact the paces of progress of two ward factors (versatile quality and fundamental division). Regardless, even with a unique assessment, they found that explanations for the effects of the two applicable factors together demonstrated incapable to be made. As such, they were lessened to disconnec t causal models for each free factor. As fought underneath, possibly the mission for deterministic explanations drive this reductionism. Office hypothesis has been used by scientists in accounting, monetary issues, support, publicizing, political theory, hierarchical direct, and human science. Be that as it may, it is so far incorporated by conversation. Its promoters battle that a change is close by and that the foundation of an exceptional hypothesis of associations is being built up. Its spoilers call it irrelevant, dehumanizing, and even risky. Disregarding Manral’s (2010) assertion that office hypothesis is by and large unique in relation to association hypothesis, office hypothesis has a couple of associations with standard association perspectives. At its establishments, organization hypothesis is consistent with crafted by craftsmanships of Manzur and Claudio (2017) in transit of pleasant direct and on the promptings and duties of the business relationship. As in this earlier work, the core of organization hypothesis is the target conflict characteristic when individuals with fluctuating tendencies part icipate in a supportive effort, and the fundamental comparability is that of the understanding. Office hypothesis is in like manner like political models of associations. Both office and political perspectives acknowledge the journey for self-eagerness at the individual level and target conflict at the authoritative level. In like manner, in the two perspectives, information asymmetry is associated with the vitality of lower demand individuals. The differentiation is that in political models target conflicts are settled through managing, exchange, and coalitionsâ€the power segment of political theory. In office hypothesis, they are settled through the arrangement of motivationsâ€the esteem instrument of money related perspectives (Martyn et al, 2017). Organization hypothesis furthermore resembles the information taking care of approaches to manage plausibility hypothesis. The two perspectives are information theories. They acknowledge that individuals are limited sound and that information is dispersed disproportionately all through the association. They in like manner are adequacy theories; that is, they use compelling getting ready of information as a reason for picking among various organizing outlines. The qualification between the two is their fixation: In plausibility, hypothesis researchers are stressed over the perfect sorting out of enumerating associations and essential initiative obligations, however in office hypothesis they are stressed over the perfect arranging of control associations coming about due to these itemizing and fundamental administration plans. For example, using plausibility hypothesis, we would be stressed over whether a firm is sifted through in a divisional or system structure (Richard and Gordon, 2 016). In the ubiquitous crucial the diminishment of defenselessness, possibly individuals require the variable-reducing limit that deterministic theories give. From inside the methodology, composing comes explanations of firm lead in which executives attempt to reduce the amount of potential outcomes and outlines from which they ought to respond (Selene et al, 2015). Also, regardless of the way that the rational through a school of course of action plan puts the sketching out of associations as the normal method of executing a procedure, association structures themselves impact future decisions what's more, place confinements on coming about framework advancement. Manral’s (2010) examination of regional government presents an institutional model wherein approach results are influenced by which legitimate structure (director assembling or board chief) is used. Consequently, systematized working frameworks, normalized parts, singular spaces, and force associations entomb plan to such an extent that solitary steady and fringe decisions arrived at through organizing and successive respect for destinations can win with respect to beginning changes. Since immense revamping conventionally is seen as ridiculous from a cost position and is incredibly contradicted because of its peril to existing power bases and its effect of restoring vulnerabilities regular in the changing of formal associations, fundamental lethargy offers to climb to the incrementalism. Correspondingly, fighting alliance packs with powerlessness decreasing standard working techniques advance consequentialism in target care and fill in as covering obstacles to broadness in framework definition. The political qualities sway on the framework so appropriately delineated by (Simchi-Levi, Bramel, and Chen, 2014) in like manner work vertically inside leadership hierarchies to impact approach results by influencing the transmission of information to the policymakers. This political procedure see is deterministic as in system results are constrained by powers outside the capacity to control or understanding of the policymaker; results fitting in with prior desires or mov ement are, most ideal situation, spontaneous. In a study of models of adjusted choice, Mar made the capability between models of figured insight, where individual points do oversee individual (littler scope) rehearses, and fundamental sensibility, in which desires are found or learned as the authoritative action spreads out (Yahyagil, 2015). In either case, results are the consequence of (a portion of the time subjective) gather correspondence, not organization. For example, one model of found out acumen is Alistair and Sã ©bastien’s (2017) waste can model of authoritative choice, in which decisions are made by the undeniable penchant of people, issues, game plans, and choices to be joined by the for the most part emotional disasters of their synchronization rather than them from the outset sight relevance to one another. By and by,

Constructive Discharge

Toy Company Memo To:CEO From:Ken Dilger CC: Date:1/22/2012 Re:Employee Lawsuit In 1964 Congress passed a Civil Rights law that prohibited significant structures for victimization African Americans and ladies. One of the significant highlights of this law was Title VII which forbids segregation by bosses based on race, shading, religion, sex or national inception. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of l964 disallows businesses from victimizing people in view of their religion in recruiting, terminating, and different terms and states of work. The nuts and bolts of Title VII are that businesses may not treat workers pretty much well in view of their religion and representatives can't be required to take an interest or shun taking an interest in a strict action as a state of work. In Title VII, managers should sensibly oblige its employee’s strict convictions and practices except if doing so would make an undue hardship on the business. A sensible convenience is one that wipes out the employee’s strife between his strict practices and work necessities and that doesn't cause an undue hardship for the business (Rel, 2011). These facilities run from the worker requiring a day for their Holy Sabbath day, needing to wear strict clothing to work or having adaptable work routines to oblige strict Holidays. At the point when a worker requests a convenience the business may not just will not do as such. On the off chance that the solicitation isn't in wellbeing of the organization since it would bring about an undue hardship, the business must demonstrate the undue hardship that the organization would bring about. An undue hardship to the organization would incorporate something besides negligible expense to suit the strict practice by the representative. Organization Response My proposal on the best way to react is that it was never our aim to make a working environment condition so insufferable that our representatives would stop. On the off chance that the representative idea that the adjustment in plan was so heinous why didn’t they record a protest with their supervisor? Our records show that there was never a verbal or a composed objection with anybody in the board. We can likewise express the way that no sensible individual would leave their place of employment over a work routine that permits them to pick which 4 days of the work week can work. This timetable ought to really assist them with keeping away from a contention with taking a shot at a strict occasion consistently. On the off chance that the worker doesn't to drop the claim, there are past points of reference indicating that their claim, in light of valuable release, will be exceptionally difficult for them to win. A representative must demonstrate, prima facia, that they have had their privileges abused under the strict settlement rules of Title VII. They should show that they had a genuine strict conviction that contentions with a business necessity, that their boss was made mindful of the contention and that they were exposed to an unfavorable activity not agreeing to the work prerequisite. In this claim the representative did none of the three things referenced previously. Demonstrating a productive release guarantee will be exceptionally difficult for the worker to do. There are legitimate points of reference demonstrating that like legal dispute Tepper versus Potter (2007) who have neglected to show at first sight in their claims when they guarantee helpful release over their strict occasion suits. C 1 LEGAL REFERENCE #1: In Cosme v Henderson, the representative requested a Monday through Friday work plan for his mail course and it was conceded by his chief. At the point when the timetable changed to add Saturdays to his mail course, his supervisor advised him not to change his calendar because of his strict convictions. The worker changed his timetable to take a shot at Saturday and afterward recorded a productive release guarantee against the organization. The courts decided for the business because of their sensible endeavors to oblige the representative. This backings my suggestion that since the worker never documented a grievance then there was no chance to get for us to suit a strict conviction struggle. 2: In Brenner v Diagnostic Center Hospital, Mr. Brenner, an Orthodox Jew, was permitted to switch his work shifts with different representatives to oblige his Jewish Holiday plan. Soon thereafter Brener neglected to trade work moves and didn't show up for work when he was required to. He later surrendered locating productive release because of the influence the organization would not oblige his Jewish Holiday plan. The courts deci ded for the Defendant dependent on their push to suit his timetable. The case underpins my explanation that the company’s new work routine is adaptable enough to permit all representatives to meet their strict occasion plan. #3: In Goldmeier v AllState INS, the Goldmeier’s who are Orthodox Jews couldn't chip away at Saturdays throughout the winter months when AllState changed their corporate arrangement on their work routine. AllState didn't permit a special case when the Goldmeiers requested one because of the new work routine. At the point when the Goldmeiers educated AllState about the productive release claim, AllState then permitted them to deal with Sunday to compensate for their strict clash on Saturday. The court decided for AllState on the realities that the representative didn't demonstrate prima facia in their claim and that AllState didn't mean to make an unfriendly workplace while changing the work routine. This backings my proposal that since the representative didn't record a grumbling with upper administration that they have no case of helpful release. The case likewise bolsters my explanation that we didn't plan to make an unfriendly situation to cause workers to stop but instead to suit creation. C2 LEGAL RECOMMENDATION My first proposal to stay away from claims later on is to execute a conventional protest framework for the representatives to use to impart to the executives about work environment conditions that they believe are out of line. This will enable the organization to address any issues under the steady gaze of they transform into claims. Another proposal that I would make isn't to utilize an adjustment in work environment condition or timetable to get representatives to leave instead of terminating them. Doing this can prompt an awful working environment condition for the board representatives who are set up to authorize this standard. My last proposal is to have a post employment survey with anybody leaving the organization. This will permit the representative to give understanding on why they are leaving and to ensure there are no malevolence towards the organization. . References Brener v Diagnostic Center Hospital, 671 F. 2d 141, (fifth Cir, 1982) Cosme v Henderson, 287, F. 3d 152, 158 (2d Cir, 2002) Goldmeier v AllState Insurance Company, 337, F. 3d 629 (sixth Cir, 2003) Religious Accommodation in the Workplace: Your Rights and Obligations, Anti-Defamation League, New York, New York, (2011). Valuable Discharge Valuable Discharge happens when an employee’s working conditions are viewed as so awful because of an approach or implementation of that arrangement that the representative feels constrained to leave the business. This Constructive Discharge guarantee was recorded under the segment of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 after a work routine arrangement change occurred. The worker recorded this case post-acquiescence. This representative has asserted that the change is strict separation due to necessitating that he chip away at a strict heavenly day. To cause note to the case, to please remember that this representative surrendered after the strategy produced results toward the start of the year. Under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 it is disallowed for any work separation dependent on race, shading, religion, sex, or national birthplace. This is concerning any present or previous worker. The term â€Å"religion† incorporates every single strict recognition, practices, and convictions. For this case to be demonstrated as strict separation under Title VII, the representative must show that he: (1) holds an earnest strict conviction that contentions with a work necessity; (2) has educated the business about the contention; and (3) has been released, taught or exposed to prejudicial treatment for neglecting to agree to the clashing business prerequisite. Title VII expresses that it is the employer’s commitment to sensibly suit demands by staff individuals to rehearse their earnestly held strict convictions and observances. For this case, â€Å"Reasonably implies that obliging these practices would not cause hardship or struggle with ordinary business activities.

Prognosis and Diagnosis in Mental Health

Prognosis and Diagnosis in Mental Health Basics Print Prognosis and Diagnosis in Mental Health By Kathryn Rudlin, LCSW Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on May 04, 2019 nullplus / Getty Images More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In This Article Table of Contents Expand Why a Prognosis Is Important Prognosis vs. Diagnosis Factors That Affect Prognosis Mental Health in Teens Treating Mental Illnesses in Teens Who Gets Mental Illnesses? View All Back To Top The term prognosis refers to making an educated guess about the expected outcome of mental health treatment, a prediction of the process a teen may have to go through in order to heal, and the extent of healing expected to take place. Prognosis is a medical term used in treatment settings based on a medical model, or when a teen is being treated for a mental health disorder, such as depression  or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Why a Prognosis Is Important A prognosis is based on a number of factors to include the type of problem your teen is struggling with, the duration of the problem, your teens personal strengths and weaknesses, and the availability of support systems. Parents may hear this term used in the early stages of therapy or entry into a treatment program. For example, a psychiatrist might say the prognosis for a specific teen suffering from depression is good since the teen is motivated to stick with a program of medication and psychotherapy and has strong family support. Discussing the anticipated prognosis for a troubled teen is a way to look realistically at the question most parents worry about: Will my teen get better? Ask about the prognosis for your teen if this information is not initially provided. Prognosis vs. Diagnosis People often confuse the terms prognosis and  diagnosis. The difference between the two is that while a prognosis is a guess as to the outcome of treatment, a diagnosis  is actually identifying the problem and giving it a name, such as depression  or obsessive-compulsive disorder.   Factors That Affect Prognosis Different factors can affect the prognosis of each individual. These factors include: AgeGenderMedical and/or family historyHow the disease or disorder is presentingResponse to treatmentParticular symptoms and how long they have been presentWhether or not there are other illnesses or conditions presentWhat treatment or treatments are being used Mental Health in Teens Because the body and the mind are so intricately connected, mental illness can take a toll on your teens physical health too and the two can play off of each other. Thats why its so important to get your teen help if you think there is a problem. Early intervention gives your teen the best chance of recovery. Treating Mental Illnesses in Teens Fortunately, mental illnesses are very treatable and manageable with medication, psychotherapy, education and/or other resources. Its important to work closely with your mental health professional to create the best individual treatment plan for your teen. Who Gets Mental Illnesses? Mental illnesses can affect anyone of any age, gender, race, religion, income level or ethnicity. It is estimated that 1 in 5 children under the age of 18 has a mental illness.   Parents, Take Care of Yourselves Too If you are the parent of a teen with some sort of mental illness, you know how difficult it can be to remain supportive, positive and to have time to meet your own needs. Like the demonstration given on airplanes about putting your own oxygen mask on first so you can then help others, you need to make sure you are taking care of yourself so that you can help your teen to the best of your ability. Consider joining a support group for parents or getting individual therapy for yourself. Make sure you get out to do fun activities on a regular basis. Treat yourself kindly.

The Tragedy Of Dante s Inferno - 954 Words

Dante’s Inferno is an amazing nonfiction piece that was meant to vindicate many lessons to its readers. As well as, depict what Dante believed hell to be, and express some of his concerns with divine justice, and the appropriate punishments for the crimes committed. While reading this epic piece it spoke in many ways, and it addresses similar issues that are still prevalent in current culture. This religious allegory seems to focus on punishments, and how it should equal up to the wrong that was done. It brings to mind the rule of Contrapasso. According to John Kameen, Contrapasso is one of the few rules in Dante’s Inferno. It is the one â€Å"law of nature† that applies to hell, stating that for every sinner’s crime there must be an equal and fitting punishment (Kameen37). This piece seems to relay that punishment should be strict and straight forward. Also, this piece could easily diffuse much of controversy surrounding the death penalty in today’s culture. Therefore, Contrapasso is the one law of Dante’s Inferno that would greatly decrease the issues currently surrounding the death penalty, if applied to current sentencing for crimes worthy of the capital punishment. Firstly, Capital punishment is a legal sentence to die for criminal behavior. Therefore, trying to give a great explanation of the effect it would have culturally is an enormous task. However, introducing Contrapasso as a law could possibly be the water that put out the flames of confusion engulfing the issuesShow MoreRelatedThe Tragedy Of Dante s Inferno1526 Words   |  7 Pagesof this full entanglement is out of reach these many years later. The book that left the resounding feelings of excitement and sorrow was Dante’s Inferno. Written at a time in his life filled with grief and displacement, with the feeling of betrayal looming over him, a glimpse of understanding starts to illuminate the first strands of his web. 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You will endu re a punishment that matches the sin you committed. Dante’s Inferno is a very imaginative way to look at crime and punishment. The story is made up of three different parts told by three people. A pilgrim is lead on journey by Virgil, Beatrice, and Saint Bernard. Virgil takes him through Hell and the Purgatory. HellRead MoreThe Divine Comedy By Dante Alighieri873 Words   |  4 PagesDivine Comedy† is an epic poem written by Dante Alighieri. He wrote the epic sometime between 1308 and 1321, the year he died. It is considered one of the greatest works of world literature. He wrote â€Å"The Divine Comedy† while he was exiled from Florence, Italy (Bishops 182). â€Å"The Divine Comedy† recounts Dante’s idea of the afterlife. It is written in a first person perspective and follows Dante’s journey through Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven. At the time Dante wrote the Divine Comedy, Italy was goingRead MoreThe Divine Comedy : Inferno Ira2454 Words   |  10 PagesThe Divine Comedy: Inferno IRA by Dante Alighieri Summary: (Exposition) Midway through his life, Dante finds himself lost from his true way, wandering through a dark and savage forest. He finds a mountain, after which a divine light shines upon him, encouraging him to go up it. But he is stopped by three malicious creatures and is only saved when a man finds him. The man identifies himself to Dante as Virgil (a great Roman poet), and reveals that his lost love Beatrice (and two others) has wishedRead MoreThe Hollow Men And The Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock Essay1444 Words   |  6 PagesT. S. Eliot’s modernist style critiques the lifestyle of modern society during the Roaring Twenties. He expresses the false values found in society that affects their perception of themselves, and cause them to lose direction in their lives. Through his poems â€Å"The Hollow Men† and â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† Eliot explores the modern underlying issues of both society and man as being lost, stagnant, and aimless. He a dvocates for change through de-romanticizing the human condition via theRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave Proposed By Plato1595 Words   |  7 Pageshelp of a philosopher to go through the long path, they can go out of the cave and see the outside world. The slaves are considered as the average person, a person whose life is driven by desire, and follows what the society says, like a person that’ s blind and has lived all his/her life in shadows. This person cannot free itself because he/she does not know that there they are looking at shadows and not true objects. The cave masters are the people who have more education or more power, but use themRead More Francescas Style in Canto V of Dantes Inferno Essay5060 Words   |  21 PagesFrancescas Style in Canto V of Dantes Inferno Canto V of Dantes Inferno begins and ends with confession. The frightening image of Minos who  «confesses » the damned sinners and then hurls them down to their eternal punishment contrasts with the almost familial image of Francesca and Dante, who confess to one another. In a real sense confession seems to be defective or inadequate in Hell. The huddled masses who declare their sins to Minos do so because they are compelled to declareRead MoreFire And Ice By Robert Frost1349 Words   |  6 Pagesbeing desire or passion and ice being hatred and deceit. Although this poem is one of his shortest poems with only nine lines, it is also one of the most famous works that he has ever created. The poem Fire and Ice was written in the early 1920 s and was published in 1923. World War I was the biggest war of its time and was meant to be the war that ended all wars. In the year 1914, an Austrian Archduke named Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist. This incident sparked manyRead MoreHomosexuality in Victorian and Elizabethan Literature.6608 Words   |  27 Pagesthough it has weakened, it still affects people in todays society. It even dates back to the Renaissance days, and is presented by Dante Aligheri is his Inferno. And for this reason doth the smallest round/ Seal with its signet Sodom[...]†. Sodom is a city known for crude sexual acts, which is where sodomy gets its name from. Since the Inferno is a world created by Dante, he believes that sodomy is a sin that is worse than suicide, and decides to put it just before the entrance to the Eighth Circle

Von Neumann architecture, or the Von Neumann model, stems...

Von Neumann architecture, or the Von Neumann model, stems from a 1945 computer architecture description by the physicist, mathematician, and polymath John von Neumann and others. This describes a design architecture for an electronic digital computer with a control unit containing an instruction register and program counter , external mass storage, subdivisions of a processing unit consisting of arithmetic logic unit and processor registers, a memory to store both data and commands, also an input and output mechanisms. The meaning of the term has grown to mean a stored-program computer in which a command fetch and a data operation cannot occur at the same time because they share a common bus. This is commonly referred to as the Von†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Add the span or extent of the instruction to the program counter. †¢ Interpret the instruction using the control unit. Meanwhile, The control unit commands the rest of the computer to perform some type of operation. The instruction may change the address in the program counter, thus permitting repetitive operations. The instruction may also change the program counter . this is done only if some arithmetic condition is true, thus giving the effect of a decision, which can be calculated to any degree of complexity by the preceding arithmetic and logic. †¢ Once all of this is done, it is programed to go back to step 1. The design of The Von Neumann architecture is a little more straightforward than the more modern Harvard architecture. It too is a stored-program system; nevertheless, it has one dedicated set of address and data buses for reading data from and imprinting data to memory, and an additional set of address and data buses for obtaining instructions. Von Neumann devoted most of his Preliminary Discussion to the design of the arithmetic unit. The details of this are the least interesting part of the paper from the standpoint of the organization of his computer, and its influence on future developments. The capabilities of the arithmetic unit were limited to the performance of some arbitrary subset of the possible arithmetic operations. He observes that theShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageslittle significance. But there is little agreement over when the twentieth century c.e. arrived, and there were several points both before the year 2000 (the collapse of the Soviet Union, the reunification of Germany, the surge of globalization from the mid-1990s) and afterward (9/11, or the global recession of 2008) when one could quite plausibly argue that a new era had begun. A compelling case can be made for viewing the decades of the global scramble for colonies after 1870 as a predictableRead MoreThe Importance of Demography to Development11868 Words   |  48 Pagesorganization and development of human social life. The sociological field of interest ranges from the analysis of short contacts between anonymous individuals on the street to the study of global social processes. Most sociologists work in one or more specialties or subfields. The meaning of the word comes from the suffix -logy which means study of, derived from Greek, and the stem socio- which is from the Latin word socius, meaning member, friend, or ally, thus referring to people in generalRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesof the first to call the British audit profession to account with his questioning of ‘who shall audit the auditors?’ The subsequent institutional response has most likely gained as much from the likes of Professors Harold Edey, Bryan Carsberg, Ken Peasnell, Geoffrey Whittington, and  ´ David Tweedie as it has from the eminence grise of the profession itself. And even in auditing, significant roles have been played by Professors Peter Bird, David Flint, and Peter Moizer amongst others. Indeed it isRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesdilemmas. The book engages in an imaginative way with a wealth of organizational concepts and theories as well as pro vides insightful examples from the practical world of organizations. The authors’ sound scholarship and transparent style of writing set the book apart, making it an ingenious read which invites reflexivity, criticalness and plurality of opinion from the audience. This is a book that will become a classic in organization studies. Mihaela L. Kelemen, Professor of Management Studies, Keele

Child Discipline Free Essays

Forms of Discipline: What is best for the child? Children are like flowers, if well taken care of they will bloom. If ignored or tortured, they will wither and die. Child discipline is one of the most important elements of successful parenting. We will write a custom essay sample on Child Discipline or any similar topic only for you Order Now Today, many people have this notion that physical abuse is in no way a solution to helping children discern between right and wrong. Since generations children have been taught the art of discipline through physical punishment. Often this approach to disciplining has resulted in two outcomes, one is where the child becomes more tolerant and is willing to adhere to what he/she has been told, or the other which more often results in children developing a sense of anguish and desire to revolt. Physical punishment often destroys the psychological mindset of a child and can scar his/her childhood, resulting in them to grow up to be particularly irritable and frustrated individuals. Over the decades we have seen that fewer and fewer parents are resorting to this sort of method of violence to discipline their children. However contradictory to all that has been stated, I believe that sometimes parents are caught in a situation when children cross all boundaries of discipline and spanking is the only effective solution. Therefore, it is imperative to do so. Nonetheless, before spanking is even taken into consideration; all the other non-violent forms of discipline should be used. If none work then finally the act of spanking can be justifiable. The act of spanking is not merely a punishment that should be conducted on a whim by parents; there must be reasoning and evidence of a clear sort of rebellion or revolt that requires such treatment. However in such a situation I am of the firm belief that dialogue or discussion is not the option that will placate the issue in the long run. I feel this approach may only last for a short period of time until the child feels that his or her parents have forgotten the issue and will once again go back on the same path. A spanking advocate says, â€Å"I don’t think it hurt me, in fact, it helped me in the long-run. It made me look at consequences, things kids don’t normally think about. I was always told, ‘Listen, or you’ll have to feel it. I listened when I was told, and now, I’m grateful I was raised like that because I feel now I am much more respectful to my peers and my elders especially. † Thus, the act of a spanking induces a fear, a fear that is necessary for children to experience, as it is this fear that rings in a child’s mind when he or she is on the verge of pursuing a mistake he or she is aware is wrong. When a child is no ncompliant, I agree that a spanking is desirable by any parent, however spanking works best when followed by a serene conversation with the child about why was he/she spanked. There are many parents today who do not know how to use this disciplinary action on their children. They usually end up excising too much or too little control over their child without giving them a suitable reasoning. A ‘Fact sheet from the Rocky Mountain Family council’ states that â€Å"pairing reasoning with a spanking in the toddler years delayed misbehavior longer than did either reasoning or spanking alone. Reasoning linked with a spank was also more effective compared with other discipline methods. Talking with the child about what behavior is expected and why-with the potential of a follow-up spank-worked best. Hence, Spank a child only when necessary and in conjunction with reasoning and other forms of discipline. Reality is a question of perspective; the further you get from it the more plausible it seems. Being raised in a traditional Indian family, I have been exposed to all forms of disciplines depending on the situation. As a child, I was spanked when I d id something wrong. Being spanked taught me respect and kept me in line. The way my parents disciplined me is an accepted method of punishment back home. It is only today that I understand the importance of what they did. Just as my parents did not have the intention to physically abuse me, the entire concept of spanking too is not directed towards hurting the child, it is more of a lesson taught to make the child realize his/her mistake. Hence, there needs to be a limit to how much parents can spank their kids. If the act is carried out on a daily basis, there are higher chances of the kid behaving inappropriately behind closed doors. At the end of the day these kids get so frustrated of being spanked everyday that they end up doing unnecessary things such as lying, cheating, bullying other people behind their parents backs. Research by Murray Straus, a Co-Director at the Family Research Laboratory at the University of Durham,  indicated that â€Å"frequent spanking (three or more times a week) of children 6 to 9 years old, tracked over a period of two years, increased a child’s antisocial behaviour, measured in activities like cheating, bullying, or lying†. Hence, it is important for the parents to learn which behaviours deserve a spanking. For instance, spilling water, making noise, wetting-pants are normal behaviours all children tend to pick. They do not need to be spanked as these are all age-appropriate behaviours. A key concept of discipline is to identify the behaviour that is typical for the age of the child. Based on the behaviour, parents can then take appropriate actions. For instance, Lisa Berlin, research scientist at the Centre for Child and Family Policy at Duke University says, â€Å"We’re talking about infants and toddlers, and I think that just, cognitively, they just don’t understand enough about right or wrong or punishment to benefit from being spanked,†Ã‚  As Berlin states, it is pointless to spank an infant, however as children grow older and begin to understand the severity of the punishment, a spanking is desirable. Today, there is a common misconception that spanking is a form of child abuse. Some parents are actually afraid to discipline their own children using the same method used for their own upbringing. Who is correct in the notion of right and wrong discipline? Is there such a thing as a correct way to spank your child? In my opinion, there is. So, my objective is to show that there is a fine line between the two terms Spanking and Child abuse. A Cambridge Dictionary states that Child Abuse occurs â€Å"when adults intentionally treat children in a cruel or violent way. On the other hand, Spanking in the same dictionary means â€Å"to hit a child with the hand, usually several times on the bottom as a punishment. † In this way, the line between the two can be drawn where too much spanking results in bruises and scars on the child. Therefore, parents should not spank their children when they are angry themselves as the spank would turn out to be an unintentional smack. When this o ccurs, parents tend to accidently take out their frustration on the child. Primarily, this is when Spanking, a form of discipline, starts drifting towards the entire concept of ‘child abuse’. However, this misconception has led to many unwanted situations where parents have been sent to jail by their own children. In a general conversation with a waiter at IHOP in Charlottesville, I got to know that he spanked his child twice due to confidential reasons and the child sent his dad, Greg, to the court. In this way, mild spanking is an essential tool to bring the child on the right path of success. A pro-spanker, Leeanne, mother to three children says â€Å"I gave a spanking (more like a weak handed swatting) on the butt when my children were small a couple of times†¦. after that, just a warning and a look was all they needed to keep in line, because they knew they didn’t want one. All three of my children have told me that they are ashamed of their generation and each have thanked me, at one point or another for those little spanks. (Again, I don’t mean pain†¦ just attention getting and disapproval of their behaviour). †Ã‚  As claimed by her, I too believe that spanking causes no harm on the child. It is just the way the parent does it. Love your children more than you spank them. At the end of the day, that is all what a child needs in life. Other than that, I also carried out my own survey for this essay where I asked fifteen friends their opinion on spanking. Each of them said that they have been spanked in at least one circumstance. They all agreed that it is proper to discipline in this way. It is only now after coming to UVA and being so successful they have realized the importance of the punishments their parents used to give them. When I asked them at what occasions did they get spanked, one said, â€Å"I have done a lot of silly things in life that my parents have disapproved, they believe that not all negative behaviours require a spanking; but spanking is their number one choice when all other methods of discipline fail. † Life is all about making decisions, taking risks and then finally facing their consequences. Hence, their parents took the risk and landed on the safe end where their children are reaching the pinnacle of success. As stated, spanking shouldn’t be the only form of discipline used on children. Parents need to take into account all the other forms as well to teach their children right from wrong. Parents can inculcate discipline in their child by showing discontent to the unsuitable behaviour of the child. This usually has a lasting effect as they know that if they do it again their parents will be disappointed, which is usually harder to deal with. This type of punishment only gives you more of a guilt feeling and it remains till you are in good terms with your parents again. When parents give that silent treatment, it becomes very hard to live in the same house where parents are not in talking terms with their kids. Scolding is another form which is widely used all over the world. If it becomes an everyday situation then it may lessen the effect on the child. The child may start considering this as a normal act for parents to shout at him/her and will start ignoring them. The aim of the parents to teach the kid a lesson and make sure he/she does not make the same mistake again would fail. However, if scolding is the only process used then parents need to also praise their children when they do something good as well. In this way, scolding and  praising should be balanced so that children understand the entire concept properly. Another very effective form of discipline is ‘Time-Out’. This is mainly used on young children. â€Å"A  time-out  involves temporarily separating a child from an environment where inappropriate behaviour has occurred, and is intended to give an over-excited child time to calm down. †Ã‚  This method can be very effectual if carried out appropriately. Too much of something doesn’t attain the goal it is looking for. Similarly, excessive scolding or use of time-out does not have the same effect on the child as a one or two time would. For example, a child throwing a tantrum can be put in time-out for him/her to calm down. After that, parents need to make sure they kindly explain the kid that whatever he/she did is not acceptable in society. Even in this case, age matters as a one year old cannot be asked to sit and listen to a long lecture as they do not have long attention spans. An American mother stated Once the child gets older and as they start experiencing the real world, parents tend teach them a lesson by withholding privileges. When they reach a certain age i. e. when they are in grade 5-6, they start to differentiate precisely between family and friends. Sometimes as they enter the teenage world, they begin to value friends over family. At this point, parents know that their kids are growing and might go on the wrong path if not taught a lesson at the right time. Hence, some of the techniques such as ‘if they come home later than expected then take away what they love the most’ are used. For example, if you come home late, you will not be allowed to watch TV for two days. This is usually used once the child is old enough to understand. In this way, as they grow older they learn how to make thoughtful decisions. A balanced approach should be used in order to raise the child in the right manner. By ‘balanced’, I mean that parents should spank their children only to a certain extent primarily depending on their age and the type of mistake committed by the child. Spanking along with other forms of discipline should be used in order to make the child realize his/her mistakes in life. How to cite Child Discipline, Papers Child Discipline Free Essays Child abuse is the physical injury of a child inflicted by a parent which ranges from superficial bruises, broken bones, burns, serious internal injuries and in some cases, death (Prevent Child Abuse America). Child abuse is a topic that causes rage in many discussions throughout the country because it is outrageous actions against innocent children. Many parents question whether discipline can become child abuse. We will write a custom essay sample on Child Discipline or any similar topic only for you Order Now Bell Hooks is an educated woman, feminist, and writer who has dedicated her life to teaching people about civil rights that every human being deserves. She wrote an essay in which she addresses her personal view on the way children should not be hit under any circumstances, because it neglects love; according to her, love and abuse cannot coexist. However, it is unfair to claim that a slap on the hand is considered abuse, and that if parents commit this type of action, they do not love their child. There is a huge difference between physical punishment and child abuse. A child needs to learn right from wrong, and when the child’s actions turn out of control, it is acceptable to spank or hit them in the hand. As long as the hitting stays to a minimum degree, physical punishment is not child abuse. â€Å"No one can rightfully claim to be loving when behaving abusively† (Hooks, 29). This is a quote from Hooks’ essay in which she declared that if a parent is hitting their child, then they are showing no love towards the child. I disagree with Hooks because she uses the word abuse in such a negative form throughout her whole essay. What exactly does â€Å"behaving abusively† mean? If a person sees the words, â€Å"behaving abusively† the person might be thinking a child was hit in the face and now the child has a black eye, which is abuse. However, Hooks’ takes the definition of â€Å"behaving abusively† as any type of hitting even if it’s the least amount of pain like a slap on the hand, which is not abuse. Hooks gives the idea that both of these actions are the same, yet they are not. When parents’ are hitting their children and giving them bruises, it is child abuse; when parents’ teach their children a lesson by slapping them on the hand, it is simply discipline. Physical discipline is permitted to a certain level; physical punishment can be a reasonable slap on the hand or a spank. Physical discipline has worked for many parents and it is their choice whether they want to use this type of discipline. Primarily, if parents want to teach their children to behave and not be out of control, they can use the effective ways of physical punishment. Nevertheless, there is a fine line between physical punishment and abuse; parents must know when that fine line ends because hitting could turn into abuse. â€Å"When her son misbehaved she clamped down on his flesh, pinching him until he got the message† (Hooks, 28-29). In this quote Bell hooks tries to manipulate the reader’s emotions. The words â€Å"clamped down on his flesh†, really gives a vulgar image, and she is successful in creating good imagery to give her point of view. At this point I was almost manipulated into believing that any small type of hitting, or in this case, pinching, would be considered child abuse. My emotions were conflicting with my logical interpretation because she uses language that is visual. On the counterpoint, she did not provide a story behind her quote. The reader did not know why the mother was pinching her son. His behavior might have been way out of control that it left the mother with no other choice. I interpret Bell Hooks’ essay as being biased for the obvious reason that she has no children. She claims in her essay that she is â€Å"a second parenting figure†, (Hooks, 32) but there is no doubt that only a parent can really determine when their child might need physical discipline. Hooks might feel like a second parent figure, but she is able to walk away from any situation the child is in, whereas the mother or father has to deal with the problem and cannot walk away and ignore it. One important counterargument that Hooks left out of her essay was evidence from an adult who experienced physical punishment, and did not have any negative effect onto his or her adult life. She only provides sources from adults who experienced child abuse; one example includes famous writer Bob Shelby, who was abused as a child. Hooks’ sources contain only people who dealt with child abuse, not physical discipline, like a slap on the hand. The simple act of hitting or spanking a child does not determine the love parents feel for their child. Growing up I was physically punished by my mother. The physical punishment involved spanking or a slap in the hand or arm; but it was never to the point where I was in so much pain or the hitting left me a bruise. Since I was the age of three, if I misbehaved I would receive some sort of physical punishment. I truly believe the physical punishment helped me because it made me think about my bad actions, and once I was hit, I no longer misbehaved. It taught me to be a better person. I have absolutely no doubt that my parents’ love me and I know they did it for my own good. The fact that I was physically punished as a child does not mean my parents stopped loving me for a second; I never questioned the love I felt from my parents. I do not think the physical punishment I received could be at all considered abuse. I have also had the experience to witness children whom their parents have not enforced physical punishment, and they are out of control. Children who did not receive physical punishment were most likely to misbehave and throw tantrums. These children felt like they could do whatever they please and felt like they were in control of the parent. It is very important that parents do not let their children push them around because the parents need to be in control. Hooks’ main argument is that children are denied their civil rights when parents are hitting them; she claims that parents do not love their children if they are abusing them, in her case abusing them is if a parent slaps them in the hand. She claims that if parents are hitting their children, they are negating love, concluding that love and abuse cannot coexist. I agree that love and child abuse cannot coexist because if parents are constantly hitting their children to the point where it becomes routine and for no reason, then they are negating love towards their children. However, if parents choose to spank their children only when they misbehave, it is a form of discipline and it does not mean that the parents do not love their children. It just means that they love their children enough to want what is best for them by teaching them a lesson. Children are able to learn from their mistakes and they will no longer act the wrong way. The word â€Å"discipline† has different meaning to different parents. In some parts of the world, and in different cultures, it is common for parents to hit their children in various ways. Some parents leave bruises and scars, but if parents take it this far, then they are committing abuse. On the other hand, to some parents discipline could be a simple time out without the need of physical punishment. Time out works for some parents but for others it might not. Parenting is crucial because raising children is very hard; I believe parents are not taking their children’s civil rights when they choose to use a minimal amount of physical punishment when the child needs it. There is a fine line between physical punishment and abuse; however, there is a huge difference. Hitting or spanking is not child abuse; it is a method of discipline that children need to learn when they are growing up. It is unfair to declare that when parents choose to raise their children by using physical punishment, they are negating love. Most parents who hit their children when they misbehave, love their children and are only hitting them to discipline them. Parents do not want their children growing up in the wrong path and making the wrong choices. If the parent lets their child do whatever he or she wants, then the child will feel in control of the parent. When the parent does not enforce punishment, the child will not listen, and this could lead them in the wrong direction. According to Bell hooks, love and abuse cannot coexist. However, it is unjustified to say that a slap on the hand is considered abuse, and that if parents are hitting their children, they are negating love. Ultimately, when parents choose to use physical punishment in order to enforce discipline, they are not denying love; they are simply teaching the difference between right and wrong. How to cite Child Discipline, Essay examples Child Discipline Free Essays GOALS OF EFFECTIVE DISCIPLINE Discipline is the structure that helps the child fit into the real world happily and effectively. It is the foundation for the development of the child’s own self-discipline. Effective and positive discipline is about teaching and guiding children, not just forcing them to obey. We will write a custom essay sample on Child Discipline or any similar topic only for you Order Now As with all other interventions aimed at pointing out unacceptable behavior, the child should always know that the parent loves and supports him or her. Trust between parent and child should be maintained and constantly built upon. Parenting is the task of raising children and providing them with the necessary material and emotional care to further their physical, emotional, cognitive and social development. Disciplining children is one of the most important yet difficult responsibilities of parenting, and there are no shortcuts. The physician must stress that teaching about limits and acceptable behavior takes time and a great deal of energy. The hurried pace of today’s society can be an obstacle to effective discipline. The goal of effective discipline is to foster acceptable and appropriate behaviour in the child and to raise emotionally mature adults. A disciplined person is able to postpone pleasure, is considerate of the needs of others, is assertive without being aggressive or hostile, and can tolerate discomfort when necessary. The foundation of effective discipline is respect. The child should be able to respect the parent’s authority and also the rights of others. Inconsistency in applying discipline will not help a child respect his or her parents. Harsh discipline such as humiliation (verbal abuse, shouting, name-calling) will also make it hard for the child to respect and trust the parent. Thus, effective discipline means discipline applied with mutual respect in a firm, fair, reasonable and consistent way. The goal is to protect the child from danger, help the child learn self-discipline, and develop a healthy conscience and an internal sense of responsibility and control. It should also instill values. One of the major obstacles to achieving these goals is inconsistency, which will confuse any child, regardless of developmental age. It can be particularly hard for parents to be consistent role models. Telling children to â€Å"Do as I say, but not as I do† does not achieve effective discipline. Parental disagreements about child-rearing techniques, as well as cultural differences between parents, often result in inconsistent disciplining methods. The physician needs to be mindful of these challenges and suggest steps that parents can take to resolve these differences (1). It is important that in teaching effective discipline, physicians do not impose their own agendas on the families they counsel. A balanced, objective view should be used to provide resources, and the goal should be to remain objective. This means using principles supported by academic, peer-reviewed literature. This is particularly important when dealing with controversial issues such as disciplinary spanking. MEANINGS: Discipline means obedience to a superior authority. Accepting the norms of the family, society, the commands of elders and obeying them is also discipline. Discipline means accepting punishments for violation. Discipline also means training of mind and character, developing self-control and the habit of obedience. In the entire universe, there is an order and discipline. The stars, the planets, the earth on which we live, the moon and the sun we see, move according to a system of discipline. We can see that plants, insects, birds and animals too observe discipline in their lives, only man who has a thinking mind finds it difficult to observe discipline. Discipline could be divided into two broad categories, external and internal. External discipline is that which is imposed by outside authority. It is often linked with authority and force. Discipline in the army is one such. Soldiers do not have a say in it except implicit obedience. As Tennyson says â€Å"Theirs not to make reply. There’s not to reason why, theirs nut to do and die†. A soldier in a war field cannot ask for reasons. He has to obey commands; otherwise, the war is lost. Our ancient educational system believed in enforcing discipline by force. They used to say, if you spare the rod you will spoil the child. But that view is not correct. It will produce only negative results. That is why discipline has taken a new shape in schools and colleges now. It is call self-discipline. It is discipline by acceptance, not by imposition. We live in a democracy. Democracy is based on the will of majority of its citizens. It has to be accepted and obeyed. Otherwise democracy loses its meaning and leads to anarchy. Family customs and traditions, laws of the society, and moral and spiritual laws of the religion are all to be obeyed. That is discipline. Discipline demands obedience to commands fro leaders, respect for women, devotion to god etc. Though discipline starts at home, there is much more need for it in schools. Schools are nursing places for various virtues and values. Discipline in the classroom, on the playground and elsewhere in the school is all important. Force has no place in student discipline. Teachers are to be first disciplined, so one, who cannot control oneself, cannot control others. Students emulate teachers in all ways. It is more so in the matter of discipline. They observe discipline by acceptance not by force. Some argue that discipline limits freedom and that also kills the man’s initiative. This is a wrong view. Indiscipline cannot bring order of growth. Self-discipline or discipline by acceptance is self-control. One controls his emotions and desires and gives room to listen to other’s points of views. Man has many desires and impulses. If they are allowed free play without discipline, it will end in chaos. Nature and society are best disciplinarians. Violate their laws, and you are in for punishment. Put your finger in fire. It burns, no matter who you are. There we learn discipline by experience. That is why Gandhi has rightly said that discipline is learning in adversity. It is therefore necessary that, if you wish to achieve anything enduring in life, you have to be first disciplined in life. Lack of discipline is like a ship without a rudder. How to cite Child Discipline, Papers

Child Discipline Free Essays

Forms of Discipline: What is best for the child? Children are like flowers, if well taken care of they will bloom. If ignored or tortured, they will wither and die. Child discipline is one of the most important elements of successful parenting. We will write a custom essay sample on Child Discipline or any similar topic only for you Order Now Today, many people have this notion that physical abuse is in no way a solution to helping children discern between right and wrong. Since generations children have been taught the art of discipline through physical punishment. Often this approach to disciplining has resulted in two outcomes, one is where the child becomes more tolerant and is willing to adhere to what he/she has been told, or the other which more often results in children developing a sense of anguish and desire to revolt. Physical punishment often destroys the psychological mindset of a child and can scar his/her childhood, resulting in them to grow up to be particularly irritable and frustrated individuals. Over the decades we have seen that fewer and fewer parents are resorting to this sort of method of violence to discipline their children. However contradictory to all that has been stated, I believe that sometimes parents are caught in a situation when children cross all boundaries of discipline and spanking is the only effective solution. Therefore, it is imperative to do so. Nonetheless, before spanking is even taken into consideration; all the other non-violent forms of discipline should be used. If none work then finally the act of spanking can be justifiable. The act of spanking is not merely a punishment that should be conducted on a whim by parents; there must be reasoning and evidence of a clear sort of rebellion or revolt that requires such treatment. However in such a situation I am of the firm belief that dialogue or discussion is not the option that will placate the issue in the long run. I feel this approach may only last for a short period of time until the child feels that his or her parents have forgotten the issue and will once again go back on the same path. A spanking advocate says, â€Å"I don’t think it hurt me, in fact, it helped me in the long-run. It made me look at consequences, things kids don’t normally think about. I was always told, ‘Listen, or you’ll have to feel it. I listened when I was told, and now, I’m grateful I was raised like that because I feel now I am much more respectful to my peers and my elders especially. † Thus, the act of a spanking induces a fear, a fear that is necessary for children to experience, as it is this fear that rings in a child’s mind when he or she is on the verge of pursuing a mistake he or she is aware is wrong. When a child is no ncompliant, I agree that a spanking is desirable by any parent, however spanking works best when followed by a serene conversation with the child about why was he/she spanked. There are many parents today who do not know how to use this disciplinary action on their children. They usually end up excising too much or too little control over their child without giving them a suitable reasoning. A ‘Fact sheet from the Rocky Mountain Family council’ states that â€Å"pairing reasoning with a spanking in the toddler years delayed misbehavior longer than did either reasoning or spanking alone. Reasoning linked with a spank was also more effective compared with other discipline methods. Talking with the child about what behavior is expected and why-with the potential of a follow-up spank-worked best. Hence, Spank a child only when necessary and in conjunction with reasoning and other forms of discipline. Reality is a question of perspective; the further you get from it the more plausible it seems. Being raised in a traditional Indian family, I have been exposed to all forms of disciplines depending on the situation. As a child, I was spanked when I d id something wrong. Being spanked taught me respect and kept me in line. The way my parents disciplined me is an accepted method of punishment back home. It is only today that I understand the importance of what they did. Just as my parents did not have the intention to physically abuse me, the entire concept of spanking too is not directed towards hurting the child, it is more of a lesson taught to make the child realize his/her mistake. Hence, there needs to be a limit to how much parents can spank their kids. If the act is carried out on a daily basis, there are higher chances of the kid behaving inappropriately behind closed doors. At the end of the day these kids get so frustrated of being spanked everyday that they end up doing unnecessary things such as lying, cheating, bullying other people behind their parents backs. Research by Murray Straus, a Co-Director at the Family Research Laboratory at the University of Durham,  indicated that â€Å"frequent spanking (three or more times a week) of children 6 to 9 years old, tracked over a period of two years, increased a child’s antisocial behaviour, measured in activities like cheating, bullying, or lying†. Hence, it is important for the parents to learn which behaviours deserve a spanking. For instance, spilling water, making noise, wetting-pants are normal behaviours all children tend to pick. They do not need to be spanked as these are all age-appropriate behaviours. A key concept of discipline is to identify the behaviour that is typical for the age of the child. Based on the behaviour, parents can then take appropriate actions. For instance, Lisa Berlin, research scientist at the Centre for Child and Family Policy at Duke University says, â€Å"We’re talking about infants and toddlers, and I think that just, cognitively, they just don’t understand enough about right or wrong or punishment to benefit from being spanked,†Ã‚  As Berlin states, it is pointless to spank an infant, however as children grow older and begin to understand the severity of the punishment, a spanking is desirable. Today, there is a common misconception that spanking is a form of child abuse. Some parents are actually afraid to discipline their own children using the same method used for their own upbringing. Who is correct in the notion of right and wrong discipline? Is there such a thing as a correct way to spank your child? In my opinion, there is. So, my objective is to show that there is a fine line between the two terms Spanking and Child abuse. A Cambridge Dictionary states that Child Abuse occurs â€Å"when adults intentionally treat children in a cruel or violent way. On the other hand, Spanking in the same dictionary means â€Å"to hit a child with the hand, usually several times on the bottom as a punishment. † In this way, the line between the two can be drawn where too much spanking results in bruises and scars on the child. Therefore, parents should not spank their children when they are angry themselves as the spank would turn out to be an unintentional smack. When this o ccurs, parents tend to accidently take out their frustration on the child. Primarily, this is when Spanking, a form of discipline, starts drifting towards the entire concept of ‘child abuse’. However, this misconception has led to many unwanted situations where parents have been sent to jail by their own children. In a general conversation with a waiter at IHOP in Charlottesville, I got to know that he spanked his child twice due to confidential reasons and the child sent his dad, Greg, to the court. In this way, mild spanking is an essential tool to bring the child on the right path of success. A pro-spanker, Leeanne, mother to three children says â€Å"I gave a spanking (more like a weak handed swatting) on the butt when my children were small a couple of times†¦. after that, just a warning and a look was all they needed to keep in line, because they knew they didn’t want one. All three of my children have told me that they are ashamed of their generation and each have thanked me, at one point or another for those little spanks. (Again, I don’t mean pain†¦ just attention getting and disapproval of their behaviour). †Ã‚  As claimed by her, I too believe that spanking causes no harm on the child. It is just the way the parent does it. Love your children more than you spank them. At the end of the day, that is all what a child needs in life. Other than that, I also carried out my own survey for this essay where I asked fifteen friends their opinion on spanking. Each of them said that they have been spanked in at least one circumstance. They all agreed that it is proper to discipline in this way. It is only now after coming to UVA and being so successful they have realized the importance of the punishments their parents used to give them. When I asked them at what occasions did they get spanked, one said, â€Å"I have done a lot of silly things in life that my parents have disapproved, they believe that not all negative behaviours require a spanking; but spanking is their number one choice when all other methods of discipline fail. † Life is all about making decisions, taking risks and then finally facing their consequences. Hence, their parents took the risk and landed on the safe end where their children are reaching the pinnacle of success. As stated, spanking shouldn’t be the only form of discipline used on children. Parents need to take into account all the other forms as well to teach their children right from wrong. Parents can inculcate discipline in their child by showing discontent to the unsuitable behaviour of the child. This usually has a lasting effect as they know that if they do it again their parents will be disappointed, which is usually harder to deal with. This type of punishment only gives you more of a guilt feeling and it remains till you are in good terms with your parents again. When parents give that silent treatment, it becomes very hard to live in the same house where parents are not in talking terms with their kids. Scolding is another form which is widely used all over the world. If it becomes an everyday situation then it may lessen the effect on the child. The child may start considering this as a normal act for parents to shout at him/her and will start ignoring them. The aim of the parents to teach the kid a lesson and make sure he/she does not make the same mistake again would fail. However, if scolding is the only process used then parents need to also praise their children when they do something good as well. In this way, scolding and  praising should be balanced so that children understand the entire concept properly. Another very effective form of discipline is ‘Time-Out’. This is mainly used on young children. â€Å"A  time-out  involves temporarily separating a child from an environment where inappropriate behaviour has occurred, and is intended to give an over-excited child time to calm down. †Ã‚  This method can be very effectual if carried out appropriately. Too much of something doesn’t attain the goal it is looking for. Similarly, excessive scolding or use of time-out does not have the same effect on the child as a one or two time would. For example, a child throwing a tantrum can be put in time-out for him/her to calm down. After that, parents need to make sure they kindly explain the kid that whatever he/she did is not acceptable in society. Even in this case, age matters as a one year old cannot be asked to sit and listen to a long lecture as they do not have long attention spans. An American mother stated Once the child gets older and as they start experiencing the real world, parents tend teach them a lesson by withholding privileges. When they reach a certain age i. e. when they are in grade 5-6, they start to differentiate precisely between family and friends. Sometimes as they enter the teenage world, they begin to value friends over family. At this point, parents know that their kids are growing and might go on the wrong path if not taught a lesson at the right time. Hence, some of the techniques such as ‘if they come home later than expected then take away what they love the most’ are used. For example, if you come home late, you will not be allowed to watch TV for two days. This is usually used once the child is old enough to understand. In this way, as they grow older they learn how to make thoughtful decisions. A balanced approach should be used in order to raise the child in the right manner. By ‘balanced’, I mean that parents should spank their children only to a certain extent primarily depending on their age and the type of mistake committed by the child. Spanking along with other forms of discipline should be used in order to make the child realize his/her mistakes in life. How to cite Child Discipline, Papers Child Discipline Free Essays Child abuse is the physical injury of a child inflicted by a parent which ranges from superficial bruises, broken bones, burns, serious internal injuries and in some cases, death (Prevent Child Abuse America). Child abuse is a topic that causes rage in many discussions throughout the country because it is outrageous actions against innocent children. Many parents question whether discipline can become child abuse. We will write a custom essay sample on Child Discipline or any similar topic only for you Order Now Bell Hooks is an educated woman, feminist, and writer who has dedicated her life to teaching people about civil rights that every human being deserves. She wrote an essay in which she addresses her personal view on the way children should not be hit under any circumstances, because it neglects love; according to her, love and abuse cannot coexist. However, it is unfair to claim that a slap on the hand is considered abuse, and that if parents commit this type of action, they do not love their child. There is a huge difference between physical punishment and child abuse. A child needs to learn right from wrong, and when the child’s actions turn out of control, it is acceptable to spank or hit them in the hand. As long as the hitting stays to a minimum degree, physical punishment is not child abuse. â€Å"No one can rightfully claim to be loving when behaving abusively† (Hooks, 29). This is a quote from Hooks’ essay in which she declared that if a parent is hitting their child, then they are showing no love towards the child. I disagree with Hooks because she uses the word abuse in such a negative form throughout her whole essay. What exactly does â€Å"behaving abusively† mean? If a person sees the words, â€Å"behaving abusively† the person might be thinking a child was hit in the face and now the child has a black eye, which is abuse. However, Hooks’ takes the definition of â€Å"behaving abusively† as any type of hitting even if it’s the least amount of pain like a slap on the hand, which is not abuse. Hooks gives the idea that both of these actions are the same, yet they are not. When parents’ are hitting their children and giving them bruises, it is child abuse; when parents’ teach their children a lesson by slapping them on the hand, it is simply discipline. Physical discipline is permitted to a certain level; physical punishment can be a reasonable slap on the hand or a spank. Physical discipline has worked for many parents and it is their choice whether they want to use this type of discipline. Primarily, if parents want to teach their children to behave and not be out of control, they can use the effective ways of physical punishment. Nevertheless, there is a fine line between physical punishment and abuse; parents must know when that fine line ends because hitting could turn into abuse. â€Å"When her son misbehaved she clamped down on his flesh, pinching him until he got the message† (Hooks, 28-29). In this quote Bell hooks tries to manipulate the reader’s emotions. The words â€Å"clamped down on his flesh†, really gives a vulgar image, and she is successful in creating good imagery to give her point of view. At this point I was almost manipulated into believing that any small type of hitting, or in this case, pinching, would be considered child abuse. My emotions were conflicting with my logical interpretation because she uses language that is visual. On the counterpoint, she did not provide a story behind her quote. The reader did not know why the mother was pinching her son. His behavior might have been way out of control that it left the mother with no other choice. I interpret Bell Hooks’ essay as being biased for the obvious reason that she has no children. She claims in her essay that she is â€Å"a second parenting figure†, (Hooks, 32) but there is no doubt that only a parent can really determine when their child might need physical discipline. Hooks might feel like a second parent figure, but she is able to walk away from any situation the child is in, whereas the mother or father has to deal with the problem and cannot walk away and ignore it. One important counterargument that Hooks left out of her essay was evidence from an adult who experienced physical punishment, and did not have any negative effect onto his or her adult life. She only provides sources from adults who experienced child abuse; one example includes famous writer Bob Shelby, who was abused as a child. Hooks’ sources contain only people who dealt with child abuse, not physical discipline, like a slap on the hand. The simple act of hitting or spanking a child does not determine the love parents feel for their child. Growing up I was physically punished by my mother. The physical punishment involved spanking or a slap in the hand or arm; but it was never to the point where I was in so much pain or the hitting left me a bruise. Since I was the age of three, if I misbehaved I would receive some sort of physical punishment. I truly believe the physical punishment helped me because it made me think about my bad actions, and once I was hit, I no longer misbehaved. It taught me to be a better person. I have absolutely no doubt that my parents’ love me and I know they did it for my own good. The fact that I was physically punished as a child does not mean my parents stopped loving me for a second; I never questioned the love I felt from my parents. I do not think the physical punishment I received could be at all considered abuse. I have also had the experience to witness children whom their parents have not enforced physical punishment, and they are out of control. Children who did not receive physical punishment were most likely to misbehave and throw tantrums. These children felt like they could do whatever they please and felt like they were in control of the parent. It is very important that parents do not let their children push them around because the parents need to be in control. Hooks’ main argument is that children are denied their civil rights when parents are hitting them; she claims that parents do not love their children if they are abusing them, in her case abusing them is if a parent slaps them in the hand. She claims that if parents are hitting their children, they are negating love, concluding that love and abuse cannot coexist. I agree that love and child abuse cannot coexist because if parents are constantly hitting their children to the point where it becomes routine and for no reason, then they are negating love towards their children. However, if parents choose to spank their children only when they misbehave, it is a form of discipline and it does not mean that the parents do not love their children. It just means that they love their children enough to want what is best for them by teaching them a lesson. Children are able to learn from their mistakes and they will no longer act the wrong way. The word â€Å"discipline† has different meaning to different parents. In some parts of the world, and in different cultures, it is common for parents to hit their children in various ways. Some parents leave bruises and scars, but if parents take it this far, then they are committing abuse. On the other hand, to some parents discipline could be a simple time out without the need of physical punishment. Time out works for some parents but for others it might not. Parenting is crucial because raising children is very hard; I believe parents are not taking their children’s civil rights when they choose to use a minimal amount of physical punishment when the child needs it. There is a fine line between physical punishment and abuse; however, there is a huge difference. Hitting or spanking is not child abuse; it is a method of discipline that children need to learn when they are growing up. It is unfair to declare that when parents choose to raise their children by using physical punishment, they are negating love. Most parents who hit their children when they misbehave, love their children and are only hitting them to discipline them. Parents do not want their children growing up in the wrong path and making the wrong choices. If the parent lets their child do whatever he or she wants, then the child will feel in control of the parent. When the parent does not enforce punishment, the child will not listen, and this could lead them in the wrong direction. According to Bell hooks, love and abuse cannot coexist. However, it is unjustified to say that a slap on the hand is considered abuse, and that if parents are hitting their children, they are negating love. Ultimately, when parents choose to use physical punishment in order to enforce discipline, they are not denying love; they are simply teaching the difference between right and wrong. How to cite Child Discipline, Essay examples Child Discipline Free Essays GOALS OF EFFECTIVE DISCIPLINE Discipline is the structure that helps the child fit into the real world happily and effectively. It is the foundation for the development of the child’s own self-discipline. Effective and positive discipline is about teaching and guiding children, not just forcing them to obey. We will write a custom essay sample on Child Discipline or any similar topic only for you Order Now As with all other interventions aimed at pointing out unacceptable behavior, the child should always know that the parent loves and supports him or her. Trust between parent and child should be maintained and constantly built upon. Parenting is the task of raising children and providing them with the necessary material and emotional care to further their physical, emotional, cognitive and social development. Disciplining children is one of the most important yet difficult responsibilities of parenting, and there are no shortcuts. The physician must stress that teaching about limits and acceptable behavior takes time and a great deal of energy. The hurried pace of today’s society can be an obstacle to effective discipline. The goal of effective discipline is to foster acceptable and appropriate behaviour in the child and to raise emotionally mature adults. A disciplined person is able to postpone pleasure, is considerate of the needs of others, is assertive without being aggressive or hostile, and can tolerate discomfort when necessary. The foundation of effective discipline is respect. The child should be able to respect the parent’s authority and also the rights of others. Inconsistency in applying discipline will not help a child respect his or her parents. Harsh discipline such as humiliation (verbal abuse, shouting, name-calling) will also make it hard for the child to respect and trust the parent. Thus, effective discipline means discipline applied with mutual respect in a firm, fair, reasonable and consistent way. The goal is to protect the child from danger, help the child learn self-discipline, and develop a healthy conscience and an internal sense of responsibility and control. It should also instill values. One of the major obstacles to achieving these goals is inconsistency, which will confuse any child, regardless of developmental age. It can be particularly hard for parents to be consistent role models. Telling children to â€Å"Do as I say, but not as I do† does not achieve effective discipline. Parental disagreements about child-rearing techniques, as well as cultural differences between parents, often result in inconsistent disciplining methods. The physician needs to be mindful of these challenges and suggest steps that parents can take to resolve these differences (1). It is important that in teaching effective discipline, physicians do not impose their own agendas on the families they counsel. A balanced, objective view should be used to provide resources, and the goal should be to remain objective. This means using principles supported by academic, peer-reviewed literature. This is particularly important when dealing with controversial issues such as disciplinary spanking. MEANINGS: Discipline means obedience to a superior authority. Accepting the norms of the family, society, the commands of elders and obeying them is also discipline. Discipline means accepting punishments for violation. Discipline also means training of mind and character, developing self-control and the habit of obedience. In the entire universe, there is an order and discipline. The stars, the planets, the earth on which we live, the moon and the sun we see, move according to a system of discipline. We can see that plants, insects, birds and animals too observe discipline in their lives, only man who has a thinking mind finds it difficult to observe discipline. Discipline could be divided into two broad categories, external and internal. External discipline is that which is imposed by outside authority. It is often linked with authority and force. Discipline in the army is one such. Soldiers do not have a say in it except implicit obedience. As Tennyson says â€Å"Theirs not to make reply. There’s not to reason why, theirs nut to do and die†. A soldier in a war field cannot ask for reasons. He has to obey commands; otherwise, the war is lost. Our ancient educational system believed in enforcing discipline by force. They used to say, if you spare the rod you will spoil the child. But that view is not correct. It will produce only negative results. That is why discipline has taken a new shape in schools and colleges now. It is call self-discipline. It is discipline by acceptance, not by imposition. We live in a democracy. Democracy is based on the will of majority of its citizens. It has to be accepted and obeyed. Otherwise democracy loses its meaning and leads to anarchy. Family customs and traditions, laws of the society, and moral and spiritual laws of the religion are all to be obeyed. That is discipline. Discipline demands obedience to commands fro leaders, respect for women, devotion to god etc. Though discipline starts at home, there is much more need for it in schools. Schools are nursing places for various virtues and values. Discipline in the classroom, on the playground and elsewhere in the school is all important. Force has no place in student discipline. Teachers are to be first disciplined, so one, who cannot control oneself, cannot control others. Students emulate teachers in all ways. It is more so in the matter of discipline. They observe discipline by acceptance not by force. Some argue that discipline limits freedom and that also kills the man’s initiative. This is a wrong view. Indiscipline cannot bring order of growth. Self-discipline or discipline by acceptance is self-control. One controls his emotions and desires and gives room to listen to other’s points of views. Man has many desires and impulses. If they are allowed free play without discipline, it will end in chaos. Nature and society are best disciplinarians. Violate their laws, and you are in for punishment. Put your finger in fire. It burns, no matter who you are. There we learn discipline by experience. That is why Gandhi has rightly said that discipline is learning in adversity. It is therefore necessary that, if you wish to achieve anything enduring in life, you have to be first disciplined in life. Lack of discipline is like a ship without a rudder. How to cite Child Discipline, Papers