Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Summary The Matrix - 909 Words

Cogito, Ergo Sum For Descartes, the only absolute truth is that we are something that exists and thinks. â€Å"I think therefore I am.†(Soccio pg 163) All other things that we are human, male, female, have a body, etc. could be just an illusion created by a dream or a deception created by a demon or God. The only thing we can be certain of is that we are some sort of thing and that we think. If this is all a dream, how do I know if I am truly awake? perhaps I am in a dream within a dream. There was a popular series of movies starring Keanu Reeves called the â€Å"Matrix† in which the world is a barren waste land and all the people are incased in tanks and hooked up to tubes with the electricity of their bodies used to fuel the world of the aliens. The people of this world go about their daily lives in a dreamlike state convinced that everything they see and do is real. They wash their cars, go to work, eat and sleep and it is all an illusion. Then some of them are awoken from their dream states to help humanity. They come to realize everything in their life is false. So then how can I tell if I am truly awake? Am I really living in this apartment, did I really make an online purchase at The Body Shop and binge watch â€Å"American Idol† or did I just dream it. Perhaps I think that I can determine awake from dreams because when I am awake and I cut myself I bleed or I bruise when I hit my knee on the coffee table. Therefore I am awake but what about when I dream that I am eating a mealShow MoreRelatedProcess Design Matrix and Summary941 Words   |  4 PagesDesign Matrix and Summary Thomas Beadin OPS/571 December 19, 2013 Mary O’Donnel Process Design Matrix and Summary This process design matrix and executive summary will focus on Chapman Tool and Manufacturing and there performance measurement process. This executive summary is needed for Chapman Manufacturing due to their lack of process performance management that will include service approaches, that consist of production line, self-service, and personal attention approaches. This summary will alsoRead MoreExpenditures And Revenues Matrix And Summary1010 Words   |  5 PagesExpenditures and Revenues Matrix and Summary Introduction Lynch and Smith, 2004 state that, a budget is a design for the achievement of programs linked to purposes and goals within a certain time period, comprising an approximation of assets required, together with an estimation of the resources obtainable, usually associated with one or more past eras and showing future requirements. State and local administrations is truly big commerce. Patton, Allison, Shoulders, Freeman and Smith, Jr., 2011Read MoreSkills Assessment Summary and Matrix Essay818 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Skills Assessment Summary and Matrix Skills Assessment Summary and Matrix A skills assessment was conducted on Team B. Team members worked together in indentifying their respective skills and developed a matrix table to understand the team’s strengths and weaknesses. In performing the skills assessment a diverse mix of skills were identified that include case management, case planning, client services, assessment advocacy, research and information gathering related to clientRead MorePrivate Security vs. Law Enforcement: Matrix Summary622 Words   |  3 PagesPrivate Security versus Law Enforcement: Matrix Summary Private security and public law enforcement share many of the same goals: preventing crime and disorder, identifying criminals, and ensuring the security of people and property, (Private Security and Public Law Enforcement, n.d.). There are many more private security officers than public police officers, making tandem projects and collaboration essential (Private Security and Public Law Enforcement, n.d.). There may be some overlap betweenRead MoreStrategy Formulation, Situation Analysis and Business Analysis1590 Words   |  7 Pages Strategic Factor Analysis Summary SFAS summarizes an organization’s strategic factors by combining the external factors from the EFAS Table with the internal factors from the IFAS Table Wheelen / Hunger, 2010, p 224 Institut fà ¼r Strategisches Management Strategic Factor Analysis EFAS + IFAS = SFAS EFAS: External Factor Analysis Summary Ch. 4, Table 4-5 (p 174) IFAS: Internal Factor Analysis Summary Ch. 5, Table 5-2 (p 212) SFAS: Strategic Factor Analysis Summary Ch. 6, Figure 6-1Read MorePolicy Alternatives for Affordable Housing Essay1222 Words   |  5 Pagesanalysis through outcome matrix. Table 1.1 Weighting of Criteria Criterion Weighting Economic Feasibility .35 Political Acceptability .40 Administrative Feasibility .25 Since alternative policy options, our criteria and weighing are projected, it is possible for us to analyze alternatives against criteria. Before employing the outcome matrix for this, following rating system will be used: very weak, weak, moderate, strong, and very strong. Summary of this matrix will be given on both qualitativeRead MoreProj 420 Entire Course Project Risk Management Essay631 Words   |  3 Pages PROJ 420 Week 3 Quiz PROJ 420 Week 4 Course Project Assignment; Probability Impact Matrix PROJ 420 Week 4 Discussion 1 Communications PROJ 420 Week 4 Discussion 2 The Work Breakdown Structur PROJ 420 Week 5 Course Project Assignment; Risk Register PROJ 420 Week 5 Discussion 1 Risk Response Planning PROJ 420 Week 5 Discussion 2 Reporting PROJ 420 Week 6 Course Project Assignment; Summary Risk Report PROJ 420 Week 6 Discussion 1 Implementation PROJ 420 Week 6 DiscussionRead MoreManagement and Project1498 Words   |  6 Pages3 Project Objectives. 3 4 Matrix Organisation and responsibilities 4 5 Project title and responsibilities 4 5.1 Project Team 5 5.2 Roles Of the project team 5 5.2.1 Project Manager 5 5.2.2 Project sponsor 6 5.2.3 Contractor Construction 6 5.2.4 Project engineers 6 5.2.5 Project Coordinator 6 5.2.6 Contractor plumbing 6 6 Advantages and disadvantages of a matrix Organisation 6 6.1 Advantages of Matrix organisation 6 6.2 Disadvantages of matrix organisation 7 7 CommunicationRead MoreStudy Case Ford677 Words   |  3 PagesFord Motor Company-2007 Step 1 Identify the firm’s exiting vision, mission, objective and strategies (Executive summary). Vision: To become the world’s leading Consumer Company for automotive products and services. Mission: We are a global family with a proud heritage passionately committed to providing personal mobility for people around the world. We anticipate consumer need and deliver outstanding products and services that improve people’s lives. Strategies: Aggressively restructureRead MoreThe Pharmaceutical Industrys Connected Line Flow Approach: Drug Production for a Mass Audience912 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Executive summary In the pharmaceutical industry, most drugs are manufactured in a highly standardized fashion. Researching, testing, and developing a new drug is admittedly a complex, individualized process. However, the actual production of a drug for a mass audience requires a generic approach known as the connected line flow approach. When volume continues to increase, an assembly line is set up. Each worker has a specific role, or task, to complete (Process-design matrix, 2013, Mind).

Monday, December 23, 2019

Domestic Violence Against Men and Women - 1449 Words

Domestic Violence against Men and Women Sandra Marable Kaplan University CM-220 Professor Freiteg May 20, 2013 Whenever the thought of domestic violence comes to mind, more than often the visual picture is a women or a child. However, there is another side that has been ignored because it is pushed under the rug. The unfortunate fact is that men are the victims of domestic violence at least as often as women are. While the very idea of men is being beaten by their wives or partners runs contrary to many of our deeply ingrained beliefs about men and women, female or male violence against men is a well-documented phenomenon almost completely ignored by both the media and society (Watson 2013). The majority of†¦show more content†¦Guilt most often what keeps the victim, at the hands of their abuser, that internal turmoil that the victim goes through with leaving the since of feeling responsible, the feeling of leaving the relationship and the household, this alone is the underlying reasons behind not leaving, not wanting to separate the household. Self-blame can not be avoided for some of those who believe that they just have not done enough, the only thing that will help is time, distance and healing and too not get into another relationship until they are completely ready. It is estimated that about 3.2 million men are victims of assault by their partner each year in the United States. However, most of these assaults are relatively minor, such as hitting, smacking, pushing, and shoving, others are much more serious. . It has raised serious questions about â€Å"implementation of arrest policies, equivalency of intimate partner aggression across genders, and management of female domestic violence offenders. This study compares demographic characteristics, criminal history variables, and the past domestic violence history of men and women arrested for domestic assault against a heterosexual intimate partner. Using victim reported information and data collected by local criminal justice agencies, weShow MoreRelatedWhat crime affects one to four women in the United States each year? Domestic Violence. This crime1100 Words   |  5 Pagesaffects one to four women in the United States each year? Domestic Violence. This crime is responsible for about 30% of female murders (Asher, Elba). Women need to comprehend the seriousness of this crime and know that there are laws to protect them so that they will not feel so helpless in any violent dispute. Domestic Violence has drastically increased over the years. Violence in the home is a concern for most. The most affected victims rather it’s emotionally or physically are women. They fall intoRead MoreOur Nation s Criminal Justice System934 Words   |  4 Pagesmore than others. Our nation has always been biased in favor of men. Women used to be considered property of their husband. Yes, we haven’t always been equal but I’d like to think that in the 21st century we are all equal. No matter the color of your skin, your sexual preference or even your gender everyone in some way is equal. Men and women have equal paying jobs, same sex marriage is legal and generally speaking both men and women have equal opportunities. But there are some things that aren’tRead MoreDomestic Violence : South Africa1709 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic Violence in South Africa Love is looked upon as a beautiful thing but within beauty lies darkness in South Africa. There is an unspoken violence against women going on within the communities of south Africa that is now coming to light; domestic violence. Husbands, not strangers or men with guns, are now the biggest threat to women in post-conflict South Africa, according to a report by the International Rescue Committee. Attacked beaten, abused, killed these are sometimes words to describeRead MoreDomestic Violence Against Women And Children1115 Words   |  5 PagesWomen aren’t the only victims of domestic violence. Society must recognise, support and protect all victims of domestic violence. Good morning everyone. Victoria’s CSA chief statistician Fiona Dowsley states domestic violence reports in Victoria have topped 70,000 cases in the last year. With these results it would be assumed that they would be directly related to women. Since the recent illegalisation of domestic violence results show that women and children aren’t the only victims. Domestic violenceRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Abuse1478 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature Review Background of Study ​Anger and violence happen at every level in the family, which ultimately destroys the family life, and it happens with couples, parents, children and also siblings. However, females have primarily been the target of violence (Payne Wermeling, 2009). Domestic abuse is often recurring and it signifies that one partner in the relationship threatens the other psychologically, economically and sexually by harming them physically or threatening to harm themRead MoreBook Review of Domestic Violence1329 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Book Review on â€Å"Domestic Violence: The 12 Things You Aren’t Supposed to Know† Written By: Thomas James T.B. James has written a hard-hitting and incisive book focusing on current myths about domestic violence in the United States that turns the conventional approach on its ear (Domestic Violence: The 12 Things You Aren’t Supposed to Know, 2003). A practicing attorney in Minnesota and founder/director of Better Resolutions Mediation Service, James’s shortRead MoreThe Issue Of Domestic Violence Against Women1497 Words   |  6 PagesOver the last 50 years the world has made huge strides against the issue of domestic violence against women. While this may seem like a great moral victory for us as a society we have a long way to go before the issue is under control. The very image of a man striking a woman immediately strikes a chord with most of us, causing great discomfort. If we switch the roles however the same proverbial chord lies there dormant. In fact when a man is struck in a movie by a woman it is often displayedRead MoreThe Domestic Violence Against Women1130 Words   |  5 Pagesfor domestic violence cases. States kept adding to the list and as of 1983, there were more than 700 shelters for abused women across the country. The number of shelters kept increasing, as did the organizations intended to assist the victims of domestic violence. After 1986 that the first Domestic Violence Awareness Month was first held in October, the United Nations included violence against women as a human rights violation in 1993. The next year, the US Congress passed the Violence Against WomenRead MoreThe Relationship Between Gender and Domestic Violence1010 Words   |  5 PagesRelationship Between Gender and Domestic Violence Summary: This article discusses the relationship between gender and domestic violence. For many reasons, people commonly believe that domestic violence is more likely equal to wife abuse or woman abuse. But this prejudice is erroneous. On the one hand, because of the definition of domestic violence including dating or cohabitation and modern research finds that husbands as well as wives may be victims, domestic violence is not more likely equal to wifeRead MoreEssay on Research Methods Unit 9 Final1572 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract: Domestic violence against women happens around the world every day, but the main focus of location discussed in this paper is Washington State. Females are most likely to suffer domestic violence abuse from someone that they know. In such cases, it has been a spouse that is the attacker. Women escape these violent crimes and reach out for help, but not every time. Based off of the data collected, I strongly believe that females are more often victims of domestic violence than males.

Saturday, December 14, 2019

Student Survival Guide Free Essays

First, print the Course Syllabus and Calendar to review before class begins. On your computer, create a folder for each class under My Documents. Create sub-folders by weeks, or one sub-folder for materials and one for assignments you completed for the class. We will write a custom essay sample on Student Survival Guide or any similar topic only for you Order Now Under the Classroom tab, find Materials for each week of class. Each week, download all files on your computer under the folders created. Backup your files in a portable device to avoid losing work you’ve already completed. In the Library tab, you can access the University Library as well as the Center for Writing Excellence. The University Library conducts your search from multiple databases and you may narrow down a search by database or more search options. Information for article search to keep in mind is the use of key words, publication date, title of the article, which database it was found in, the author and whether the article has been peer-reviewed. In the Library, you can also View the Research Tutorials, Read the Library Handbook or Ask a Librarian for more information. The Center for Writing Excellence provides essential tools. WritePoint is a system to which you may submit a paper to be reviewed for grammar that spell-check on a computer may miss. Plagiarism Checker is a system in which you can submit a paper to be reviewed for plagiarism. Tutorials and Guides offer a variety of tools. Aside from tutorials, you can view samples, information, and handbooks. Whether you need to learn on a topic or simply brush up on your knowledge. Upholding Academic Honesty Review the Student Code of Academic Integrity from CWE in the University Library. Using someone else’s work in your own, whether intentionally or not without giving the original author proper credit, is plagiarism. This is considered to be academic dishonesty and can result in expulsion from the University, failing grade for the assignment or class, or suspension from the University. Self-plagiarism, fabrication, unauthorized assistance, copyright infringement, misrepresentation and collusion are also forms of academic dishonesty and can also result in corrective action. Always list your references and submit your papers to Plagiarism Checker before submitting the assignment. Setting and Achieving Goals It is important for every student to set long and short-term educational goals, as well as career goals. List what those goals are for you using the SMART technique. Each goal must be specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and timely. By setting specific steps to achieve your goals, you can make it easier to tackle obstacles as they may come. It is important to map out your goal in a way that you can see is attainable and realistic, so that you can measure your accomplishments every step of the way to reach your goal in the time you placed. When obstacles arise, re-evaluate your goal and adjust it where necessary. An Axia degree may be your goal, or a step-stone to your goal. Think of two long-term and short-term goals that will help you in your path to earning your degree. Then, think of one long-term goal in which your Axia college degree will benefit you. Managing Time Wisely Taking a look at your Course Syllabus ahead of time will help you map out how much time you will need to set aside for your courses during the week and when you can fit it into your schedule. Ensuring that you have time to complete assignments, submit them for review and submit them by the deadline. While taking two courses at Axia, weeks alternate between assignments and discussion questions. Each class is opposite to the other. Meaning that: while you have assignments due for one class; the other class is focusing on participation and vice versa. This makes your time between courses manageable. To juggle school, work and family responsibilities successfully, refer back to long-term and short-term goals. Prioritize your goals wisely. Utilize a planner to allocate your time realistically and efficiently. Make a time log of a typical day in your life. Identify activities that do not make good use of your time and think what you could have placed that time towards regarding your goals and priorities. This will avoid time-wasters and drive you towards your goals. Fostering Reading Comprehension and Retention Read in a distraction-free environment. Identify your reading purpose (pleasure, understanding, critically evaluation and/or practical application). Know your reading words per minute. Apply the SQ3R strategy to your reading routine will help to ensure you learn what you read. Surveying is your overview of what you are about to read. Look through the table of contents, titles and sub-titles of an article, read the preface of a book, and identify highlighted content such as words in italics or bold. At the end of the reading, look for a summary, bibliography and index. This will give you an idea of the reading’s content. Questioning is to ask yourself what you expect from the reading and what you wish to learn from it. Break it down into questions by chapter or section and look for your answers as you read. As you read, remember the titles and highlights from surveying. Look out for the key points and answers to your questions. Identify the main idea in each paragraph by highlighting, circling or taking notes. After each section, recite the answers to your questions and other key points you found by reading them over to yourself or out loud or re-writing them. This will help to review that all your questions were answered and help you retain the information. Review shortly after reading as well as every so often in the days to follow. Try summarizing the information by recalling the key points. Refer back to your notes or marked pages. Talking to someone about what you have learned or asking someone to quiz you is also an effective way to review. Applying Personality and Learning Styles It is important to continuously identify your learning style, strengths and weaknesses throughout your education as these may change circumstantially. This will help you make the most of your strengths and rise above your weaknesses. The Personality Spectrum based on Myer-Briggs Type Inventory by Katharine and Isabel Briggs names four personality types; Thinker, Organizer, Giver and Adventurer. Each personality type exhibits different characteristics such as the ability to solve problems, neatness, honesty and flexibility. Based on your personality type, certain study techniques will be more useful than others in your distance learning success. According to the Multiple Intelligences Theory by Professor Howard Gardner there are eight intelligences people have. Some are more developed than others in each individual. These are; verbal-linguistic, musical-rhythmic, logical-mathematical, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal and naturalistic. Depending on which intelligence you have developed more than others, you possess certain skills and abilities. Based on those, you can identify which study techniques work best for you. Once you recognize your less-developed intelligences, you can partake in activities to develop in that area. For example, if your naturalistic intelligence is under-developed, you could find out-door activities you might enjoy or learn more about nature. Understanding personality types and intelligences will help you to relate to people who have different degrees of development in intelligences and different personality types than yours. While working in groups, it may help to delegate who would do best in each area of the assignment. It may also help to understand others on a personal level realizing that we all have different thought processes and characteristics. How to cite Student Survival Guide, Essay examples

Friday, December 6, 2019

Merwin Analysis free essay sample

Merwin mixes-up chronological time in his poems to combine the past with the present. Using time as a major tone in these three poems, it allows the reader to unfold how Merwin delivers this duality of what was to what is the case. â€Å"For the Anniversary of My Death,† Merwin writes about his appreciation and love for the life he had, as he mourns himself upon his own death. The poem uses the themes of death, eternity and life, which all coincide with this concept of time. The author blurs together the idea of the life that will go on, even after death. In the first part of â€Å"For the Anniversary of My Death,† it says: Every year without knowing it I have passed the day, when the last fires will wave to me, is a notion that Merwin envisions for his death. Merwin uses fire in the statement â€Å"†¦ the last fires will wave to me,† as a metaphor for possibly the people who have come to his funeral and are saying their last goodbyes. The entire first stanza is a description of how Merwin feels when he is alive, while the second referring to his life before death, using â€Å"then,† as a way to explain the past. In the entirety of the poem, it seems as if Merwin is longing for death, which is quite strange. When he states â€Å"timeless traveler, like a beam of a lightless star,† it symbolizes eternity. As a â€Å"timeless traveler,† he is someone who has spent his life whether emotionally or physically constantly moving, to a â€Å"lightless star,† as in a star that has been fading for a long period of time. Merwin is saying that he himself has been slowly diminishing for an endless amount of time. The metaphor of life and death is used in the last few lines it states: â€Å"As today writing after three days of rain†¦hearing the wren sing and the falling cease†¦ and bowing not knowing to what. † â€Å"Three days of rain,† represents life, while â€Å"hearing the wren sing and the falling cease,† is interpreted as death because the rain has ended, and so has his life. He seems to be obliterating chronological time when the rain is pouring and when the rain is coming to an end. In the last few lines when it states, â€Å"And bowing not knowing to what,† Merwin is possibly referencing to life after death. The entire poem is about his intuition of his own death. Merwin’s â€Å"Drunk in the Furnace,† begins with â€Å"For a good decade. † Here, we can find contrast in what exactly the author means by this line, and what he is saying about time. He is either speaking about an approximation of time, or when he says â€Å"good decade,† possibly pertaining to how enjoyable the decade was. In the first stanza it states: â€Å"no more to them than a hulking black fossil to erode unnoticed with the rest of the junk-hill This poem is possibly about the demons we face, like alcoholism, and the furnace might represent hell, or that low place one goes to subconsciously when drinking. The black fossil â€Å"eroding unnoticed,† could represent the drunk himself, suffering and corroding over time by his own sins, but yet still aware in time of what’s going on when it states: â€Å"to confirm, one morning, a twist of smoke like a pale resurrection, staggering out of its chewed hole†¦cozily bolted behind the eye-holed iron door of the drafty burner, had there established his bad castle. It is interpreted as the aftermath of the drunken stupor, â€Å"a twist of smoke like a pale resurrection, staggering out. † Also, Merwin uses dark metals and iron works to represent this ‘hell,’ or ‘evil place,’ the drunk goes to. The drunk merges his past and present simultaneously from being drunk in the present time, but also the small pieces of remembrance from nights being intoxicated. In â€Å"Losing a Language,† the first two lines along with the title set a tone of loss and the loss of time. When it states: â€Å"the old still remember something they could say, but they know now that such things are no longer believed and the young have fewer words† it describes how the history of language and life change with time, but that the older generations long for how society once was. That older generations are simultaneously caught between how language was, to how people interact in â€Å"todays,† society. Merwin conveys this idea that the loss of ones information of words to define a specific thing through language, results in a loss of knowledge when it states nothing that is here I known. The last line ends with great pause and emphasis when Merwin writes: â€Å"Here are the extinct feathers, here is the rain we saw†-If one loses the language, they have lost the knowledge that went with it. W. S Merwin writes these three poems â€Å"Losing a Language, For the Anniversary of My Death, and The Drunk in The Furnace,† with multiple meanings of how life is simultaneously combined between how it once was, to what is happening in the present time. Drunk in the Furnace,† was memorable for the metaphors of the furnace possibly representing ‘hell,’ or a horrible place â€Å"the drunk â€Å"goes to either physically or mentally when he is caught between what is actually happening, and his drunken stupor. I also noticed that Merwin uses this theme of religion in a few of his poems by â€Å"the last fires are waving to me,† in â€Å"Anniversary of My Death†, and ‘the furnace’ in â€Å"Drunk in the Furnace. † â€Å"The last fires waving to me,† possibly representing last moments of sins before death. It is very noticeable that Merwins use of loss and time are greatly prevalent in each one of these poems, leading the reader to believe that Merwin’s thoughts on his own human experiences are not necessarily the most positive ones.

Friday, November 29, 2019

A new competitiveness paradigm Essays

A new competitiveness paradigm Essays A new competitiveness paradigm Essay A new competitiveness paradigm Essay The challenge of the Twenty First Century for Malaysia is to define a niche area to form a new competitiveness paradigm. The pace, direction and quanta of change at all levels demonstrates that new modalities are needed to cope with the uncharted revolution in the products that we consume as well as in the way we live and do business. The driving forces of change are the advancement in technologies, especially information and communication, as well as computing, biotechnology, telecommunications and transportation. Transnationalisation of these technologies and increasingly democratized means of design, production and distribution add to the forces of change. On the soft side, a simultaneous change in consumer behaviour is observed, shifting towards a new value driven tier of consumers. The trend is towards willingness to pay more for the right fit and embedded customer information in products and services. On human capital, the change is towards development of high skills and cognition. At the industry level, the trend is embedding of customer information, Further, inventory build-up or long lag times in capacity planning are no longer the phenomenon due to fundamental improvement in mechanisms enabling production and inventory response to incoming signals. Likewise, many other cognitive problems in private enterprises are solved. At the heart of these advances is new information paradigm of timely information (when) of the right architecture and resolution (what) and enabled by strategically positioned capture mechanisms (how). One will wonder how K-Economy fits into this picture. Well, Malaysias aspiration has been to leapfrog from the Industrial era to a post-Industrial era focusing on information, upstream and downstream research and intensifying knowledge in the entire economic activities. The time is right for such a shift by injecting a catalyst knowledge in the economic performance.   The definition of K-Economy is directly on the acquisition, generation, distribution and utilization of knowledge in all economic activities. Knowledge becomes the strategic resource as, inputs, processes, systems, or as outputs. There is an increasing returns associated with these resources. The determinants of success of national economies and enterprises, thus, depend on their effectiveness in gathering and utilizing knowledge. The structural shift from the Production economy to a K-economy turns around high volume production to high value inputs, processes, systems and outputs. Ideas, relationships and communication are highly leveraged upon. The requirements of the K economy are, thus, a shift from mass-production to mass-customizations solutions that creates value demanded by the new value-driven tier of consumers. In laymans term, K-Economy simply means ability to use knowledge to create new value and wealth. Wealth is measured by the results of knowledge that is inventively applied. ? In the Agricultural economy, wealth was measured by land and produce. Thus the more land and agricultural produce you had, the richer you were. ? In the Industrial economy, wealth was measured by industrial output. The more products you were able to generate in your factories, the richer you were. The Knowledge economy (K-economy) takes these previous economies one step further. Wealth today is not only measured by agricultural or industrial products, but by the new value we can create through the resourceful application of knowledge. Thus, the K-economy includes all human economic activities of previous eras, such as agriculture and industry, but it introduces new activities that were not prominent or possible before. In K-economy agriculture, for instance, knowledge could be put to work more effectively through better planting materials, improved horticultural practices or enhanced means of trading agricultural products. On the other hand, new K-based industries are being conceived that were not possible before, such as telemedicine or web-based learning. In this case, traditional modes of delivering these services are being surpassed, thus enabling consumers and users to access them directly in cheaper and easier ways. The model of the K-Economy The K-economy Model values people, information and relationships. The nucleus of the economy is one of vision-driven, situation-dependent and goals and action-oriented. Key characteristics are:   Mass customized solutions are favoured. Therefore, providing solutions are important skills, requiring teamwork and cooperation in real or virtual relationships among other organizations and people, which provide competitive advantage. Mass production and mass competition models are becoming less important.   Designs are made possible at each solution development, enabling people enrichment, since each level (product, process or supplier) are upgradeable, open ended, having information and services-rich content.   Adaptive economy and culture starts with valuing people, having marketing specialists, skilled employees, advance technological equipment, telecommunications overnight delivery, pre-qualified alliances, virtual corporation and regarding time as value creation

Monday, November 25, 2019

Sensory Processing Disorder

Sensory Integration Dysfunction/ Sensory Processing Disorder Free Online Research Papers Sensory Integration and Sensory Processing, or sensory motor processing, is our autonomic ability to receive sensory information interpret, organize, and respond to it. Both external and internal stimuli enter the body and neurological system. These senses are foundational because the information gained from our senses creates the foundation for future learning and decision making (Schneider, 2001). Information from each of the senses, movement of the body, and gravity must be integrated and interpreted before children can successfully function in the world around them (Cheatum, 2000). Our senses are responsible for things such as coordination, attention, arousal levels, emotions, memory, autonomic functioning, and higher level of cognitive functions. An interruption in the ability to absorb these senses into the learning environment is a sensory dysfunction or processing disorder. ( I will refer to this as sensory difficulties (SD) throughout this paper). The interpretations and reactions to sensory input are affected causing feedback on that information with motor, emotional, attention, and other responses in a flight or fight manner. Often they will have problems with interpersonal relations, academic achievements, behavior problems, vision problems, speech/articulation difficulties, eating problems, digestion and eliminating problems, sleep regulation problems, and very often coexists with allergies. One or more senses are over-or-under reactive to the stimuli. We often find SD secondary or coexisting in people with Autism, ADHD, pervasive developmental disorder, cerebral palsy, fragile X syndrome, severe mental retardation, learning difficulties, language problems, and other neurological and developmental disabilities. Many people are unaware that other than those with a documented disability, â€Å"normal† children often have some form of SD. Dr. A Jean Ayres, Ph.D., an occupational therapist, came up with this theory in the 1950’s and 60’s. In the diagram of the Central Nervous System below, we see that starting on the bottom of the pyramid of our central nervous system we have our sensory system. There are three autonomic neurological sensory systems: Tactile, Vestibular, and Proprioception. Tactile system includes three types of receptors: light touch- pressure, or like a bug crawling on the arm; discrimination-textures; third, temperature and pain. The role of this sense is to perceive the environment and provide reactions that protect for survival. Tactile system dysfunctions result in refusal in eating certain textured foods, refusal to wear certain clothes, avoiding getting hands dirty, avoid being touched. Dysfunctions in this system often lead to irritability, distractibility, hyperactivity, aggression, and negative emotional response to touch sensations. (Hatch, 1995). Vestibular system is the inner ear, which detects movement and position of the head relating to gravity. A dysfunction in this system is two different ways. Children that are hypersensitive to Vestibular stimulation are fearful of movement activities such as swings or slides. They have a hard time learning to climb stairs or walk on uneven surfaces. These children appear to be very clumsy. Another way this system affects children is on the other extreme. This child may seek sensory experiences such as spinning. This child has a hypo-vestibular system and is constantly trying to stimulate their Vestibular system.(Hatch,1995). Proprioception system is awareness of body position referring to the muscles, joints, and tendons. A dysfunction in the Proprioception system affects the child’s awareness of their body position in space. They have the tendency to fall, clumsiness, odd body posturing, resistant to motor movement, and difficulty manipulating small objects.(Hatch, 1995). If one stage of this pyramid is disrupted, the whole pyramid is thrown off. The effects are seen throughout the pyramid. Many times these problems get overlooked until it has become so severe that there are extreme behavior problems, health issues, family issues, social, emotional, and educational issues. Often we look at the symptoms/characteristics of the child instead of trying to find the actual cause. The more severe cases need to be assessed and treated by an Occupational Therapist. These children need to be evaluated by a professional and will be tested using the Sensory Integration and Praxis Test (SIPT). (Stephens, 1997). For those other children that might seem to have some sensory issues, you need to understand their needs and make accommodations to help them become a successful learner. You might have 2-5 children in your classroom that have undocumented SD. First you must determine which sensory systems are involved in the area of need. You must also know where the child is developmentally. You need to make notes of what the child is doing (don’t focus only on what the child is not doing) and any patterns in the behavior. Some children differ from one day to the next, having off days and successful days. Be sure to make note of this. The child with SD may have a difficult time reading cues in the environment (both verbal and non-verbal). If the child is receiving the sensory information, they might not have the ability to organize this information and produce an efficient response. For these children everyday ordinary tasks are extremely challenging to perform and respond to. One or more common symptoms along with frequency, intensity, and duration may indicate SD. Frequency is how often throughout the day the behaviors are noticed. Intensity is the amount of avoidance or amount of seeking (depending on over or under stimulated) sensory information. Duration is how long each episode or unusual behavior lasts. When I refer to behavior, I mean all types not just bad behavior. You need to look at changes in the behavior or unusual behavior. There are several types of SD. I will describe some of the common behavioral patterns. Sensory-Avoiding Children These children have an over-responsive nervous system to sensation. This is also called sensory defensiveness (SPD Network). These children may be diagnosed with sensory over-responsivity. Some signs are: ? Be very picky eaters or sensitive to food smells ? Respond to being touched with aggression or withdrawal ? Fear movements and heights, or get sick from exposure to movement or heights ? Feel uncomfortable in loud or busy environments ? Be very cautious and unwilling to take risks or try new things Sensory-Seeking Children In some children their nervous system does not respond to sensory information. These children are considered under-responsive to sensation. Some behaviors seem in these children are: ? Hyperactivity ? Unaware of pain or touching others to hard ? Enjoy loud sounds often to loud ? Engaging in unsafe activities Motor Skills Problems Some children have Motor Skills problems where they cannot carry out actions. They appear clumsy and accident prone. Some things you might notice in these children are: ? Trouble with balance, sequences of movement, and bilateral coordination ? Very poor fine motor skills ? Very poor gross motor skills ? Difficulty initiating movements ? A preference for sedentary activities like reading a book or watching TV ? A preference for playing with familiar toys These children often appear to be manipulative, unhappy, controlling, and frustrated. They are often labeled as the â€Å"class clown†. They try to mask their problems often avoiding group activities. (SPD Network). Some other SD are Auditory defensiveness related to sound. You might see the child always covering up their ears. They might be afraid of things such as the lawn mower, hair dryer, and vacuum. Another SD is Visual defensiveness with hypersensitivity to light. Then there is oral-motor defensiveness also known as tactile defensiveness in the mouth. Brush teeth can be very distressful for this child. Olfactory defensiveness is intolerance to smells. (Stephens, 1997). Being aware of these possible SD is one of the first steps. Now it is time to learn some techniques that might help the SD child. One technique that I am really aware of is an individualized sensory diet. A sensory diet has nothing to do with food, instead it is â€Å"the multisensory experiences that one normally seeks on a daily basis to satisfy one’s sensory appetite; a planned and scheduled activity program that an occupational therapist develops to help a person become more self-regulated.†(Kranowitz,1998). This plan works best if it is followed at school and at home. Working together with the child’s family and what goes on at home is very important. The activities must be supervised and they must be appropriate for that specific child. Here are some examples of activities to do from the book Sensory Secrets: Activities involving movement and joint action ? Exercising to music- including walking, skipping, jumping, running, galloping and hopping ? Engage in activates that require pushing, pulling, squeezing, lifting, carrying, twisting, and lugging. ? Jumping activities like jump rope or jumping on the trampoline. ? Playing catch with a variety of objects ? Activities that involve swinging, rocking, climbing, hanging from bars, teeter-totter, and merry-go-rounds. ? Riding a bike or scooter ? Walking on a balance beam Activities involving Touch and Joint Interaction ? Rub lotion on hands and arms ? Splashing in water ? Play musical instruments ? Play with squishy toys ? Play with clay, play-doh, or finger-paints There are many other techniques that can be useful. I know and have used a few. These are my suggestions: ? Weighted vest ? Beanbag chair ? Bag of birdseed to sit on ? Bounce on ball ? Roll ball over child on ground ? Wrap in tight blanket ? Shaving cream ? Sand or rice in small tub ? Vibrating toy ? Squishy ball (or balloon with flour inside) ? Crawling through tunnel ? Obstacle course ? Parachute play ? Trampoline ? scooterboard ? Deep pressure and brushing (if properly trained, please see attachment) ? Suck pudding through straw ? Suck on lollipops while doing work ? Chewing gum There are many different activities that you can do. It all depends on where the need is for that child. Every child in the classroom can benefit from some of these activities. Other activities should be for that student exclusively. The Wilbarger Deep Pressure and Proprioceptive Technique (DPPT) The Creator: The Wilbarger Deep Pressure and Proprioceptive Technique Oral Tactile Technique (OTT) (formerly referred to as the Wilbarger Brushing Protocol or WBP) are techniques developed by Patricia Wilbarger, MEd, OTR, FAOTA. Dr. Wilbarger, is an occupational therapist and clinical psychologist who has been working with sensory processing theories for over 30 years. She is a cofounder of Sensory Integration International and AVANTI camp and well known for her clinical work in the NICU, schools, etc. She lectures internationally on sensory processing disorders and sensory integration. She has produced videotape, audiotape, and an intervention guide on the subject of sensory defensiveness. More information on these publications or training courses are available from Professional Development Programs (Phone: (651) 439-8865, or at www.pdppro.com) Based on the theory of Sensory Integration, the brushing technique uses a specific method of stimulation to help the brain organize sensory information. Ms Wilbarger and her daughter Julia Wilbarger, MS, OTR offer training courses on a regular basis for professionals who wish to use it in their practice. Additionally, through their continuing research, the technique is occasionally revised in method, and it is important for therapists to be aware of the most current method. To use this technique with out instruction from a trained therapist could be harmful at the extreme, and at the minimum, useless. The Theory: Our skin is our largest sensory organ, followed closely by our muscles and skeleton, connected by our nervous system and governed by our brain. The sensory systems feed information from our environment, through sense receptors, and neural impulses via our nervous system, directly to the brain. The brain then organizes it, sends it back through the nervous system for use as understanding, adaptation, learning, and skill development. When this system functions well, it allows a person to interact with their environment efficiently, developing necessary motor and language skills, and appropriate social/emotional behavior. When this system is unable to organize the information appropriately, a variety of symptoms can present; motor delays, tactile defensiveness, learning disorders, social or emotional difficulties, speech, and language deficits or attention disorders. The Purpose and Benefit: The DPPT has been found very beneficial to children with sensory integrative dysfunction, as outlined in the previous paragraph. This technique helps the brain and body work together more effectively. Benefits noted are: ? Can improve ability to transition between activities (calming after emotional outburst, improving tolerance levels.) ? Can help children who have a fear of discomfort in being touched (tactile defensiveness) ? Can increase self regulation, self calming. ? Can increase the ability of the nervous system to use information from the senses more effectively, i.e. speech/motor skills. ? Can improve attention and focus. ? The students generally like the procedure! Benefits received are directly related to correct administration and consistency. The Technique: To use this technique with out instruction from a trained therapist could be harmful at the extreme, and at the minimum, useless. Therapists interested in offering this technique should contact the above mentioned group to be trained at an official seminar. Families should ensure the therapist offering this technique has the most recent training available. Pediatric Building Blocks recommends that anyone who has been shown this technique be updated annually and their technique checked out by a trained therapist. The DPPT uses a specific pattern of stimulation delivered through a specific type of brush and gentle joint compression or â€Å"pushing† to send information to the brain in an organized fashion. Simply put, it primes the brain to receive and organize information in an effective and useful way. It is done approximately every two hours for a specified number of days and then according to the needs of the child. Consistency is a critical factor! However, the protocol can be administered in between scheduled sessions, to assisting with transitions between activities, reducing overwhelm reactions, and re- organizing the nervous system after emotional upset. The brush used for this technique, is a soft plastic surgical brush. OTHER TYPES OF BRUSHES ARE NOT APPROPRIATE FOR THIS TECHNIQUE! This brush has been found to be the most effective in stimulating nerve endings in the skin. The actual brushing is done using a very firm pressure, starting at the arms and working down to the feet, avoiding the chest and stomach. Brushing these sensitive areas may cause urination, defecation or vomiting. The brushing is slow and purposeful providing â€Å"proprioception† (input through muscles and joints.) It is not ‘scrubbing’, and should never be painful, or cause damage to the skin. Children may initially react with crying or other avoidance measures because it is new, and the re-organizing can be disquieting. Generally within a few sessions, it becomes pleasurable and children will often ask for it or do it themselves. The joint compression is also done in a specific pattern; ten count repetition, using light pressure. Students can be taught to do this themselves, by using an alternative method of ‘wall’ push-ups, and jumping. The final component is the oral swipe, used for Oral defensiveness, although this is sometimes omitted in schools due to hygiene and/or safety concerns, as it requires fingers in the mouth. Again, students can be taught to do this themselves. No part of this technique should ever be painful or cause physical damage. From Pediatric Building Blocks I have been trained and certified in this brushing technique. References Ayers, A. Jean.Ph.D. (1972). Sensory Integration and Learning Disorders. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services. Cheatum, B., and Hammond, A., Physical activities for improving children’s learning and behavior. (2000), Illinois:Human Kinetics Kranowitz, Carol Stock, M.A. (1998). The out-of-sync child, Recognizing and coping with Sensory Integration Dysfunction. NY: Skylight Press. Schneider, Catherine Chemin, O.T.R., Sensory Secrets, How to jump start learning in children. (2001). Arkansas: Concerned Communications. Websites Hatch-Rasmussen, Cindy M.A., OTR/L (1995). Sensory Integration. Center for Autism. www.autism.org/si.html Pediatric Building Blocks. The Wilbarger Deep Pressure and Proprioceptive Technique (DPPT). www.pbbkids.com/the_wilbarger_brushing_protocol.htm SPD Network (2004) What is Sensory Processing Disorder? www.spdnetwork.org/aboutspd/whatisspd.html Stephens, Linda C.MS, OTR/L. FAOTA (1997) Sensory Integrative Dysfunction in Young Children SEE/HEAR www.tsbvi.edu/Outreach/seehear/fall97/sensory.htm Interview Rebecca Roe OTR/L Occupational Therapist Pediatric Building Blocks Research Papers on Sensory Integration Dysfunction/ Sensory Processing DisorderThree Concepts of PsychodynamicBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfOpen Architechture a white paperStandardized TestingNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Project Managment Office SystemGenetic EngineeringRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in Capital

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Sustainable Electrical Construction Research Paper

Sustainable Electrical Construction - Research Paper Example e industrial process whereby the various processes that go on in manufacturing and production will be treated with a sense of urgency for the conservation of the environment (ZinCo Worldwide, 2011). Detailed reason why this is so will be discussed later but it would be noticed that the rate of industrialization has left us all with very few options other than manufacturing as many of the goods and products we need as possible. In the present paper, the electrical construction industry shall be used as a case study whereby a critical analysis of the industrial process that takes place during electrical construction shall be undertaken to understand the options of sustainability available for industry players and how best they have played their roles in ensuring that these roles are well played. Why Industrial Process is a focus for Sustainability The United States and other countries commonly referred to as the power houses of industrialization continue to depend on massive industrial development for the running of their economies. Interestingly, it is when some of these powerhouses survive in their economic dealings that the global economic climate becomes stable and sound (Diadem USA, Inc., 2011). But as much as it is important to embrace industrialization, it is equally important to understand the risks and challenges that industrialization carries so that when these challenges and risks are known, the needed risk management interventions would be developed towards them. Indeed, industrialization is highly associated with industrial processes whereby manufacturing and production takes the larger part of industries. Meanwhile, the means or source of energy in powering most of these industries in the industrial processes demand the use of energy sources that have long been known to be very threatening to the environment (Ludwick, 2011). Apart from the source of energy, the waste produced in the course of industrial processes such as smoke has also been identifi ed to be highly harmful to the environment. Even more, the byproducts of most of the industrial processes have been suspected to be ill-treated and wrongfully disposed (Intelligent Design Group, 2011). Usability among end users also accounts for some instances of industrial process’ risk against the environment. This is because most end users have very limited knowledge on the best ways to handle the products they buy such that the products will not end up becoming a threat to the environment. It is against the backdrops listed above that it has become so necessary that industrial process becomes a focus for sustainability in the current research paper. Electrical Construction and the Environment Electrical construction is mainly concerned with the production of electricity and electricity products (Glavinich, 2007). This is often than by electricity construction companies. Lately, oil and gas companies have also been highly involved in this process. Depending on the locality and resources available to an electrical construc

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Cime criminology and modernity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cime criminology and modernity - Essay Example When a bank makes a mortgage loan it is balancing risk with probability of repayment in an attempt to maximize profits. Firms engaged in international trade may hold reserves in a variety of currencies to minimize the risk of currency fluctuations. In each of these examples the company in question is trying to minimize risk. The following discussion will focus on the emerging term of risk management and risk minimization in the context of criminology. Initially, the term will be defined. Then the development of the concept will be outlined. Subsequently, the implications of the emergence of the risk minimization paradigm will be explored. Finally, a concluding section will examine the broadest implications of risk minimization for criminology and the future of the view of criminology as the art and science of reducing risk. Risk Management Defined More recently, the term has been adopted by the criminology field. In criminology risk management focuses on assessing the risk to society a given-offender presents and allowing that assessment to define the response of the criminal justice system. For example, offenders identified as the greatest risk to re-offend are treated more harshly and incarcerated or most closely supervised. Those presenting less of a risk are less closely supervised. The idea is to target the majority of resources and interventions at those most likely to act anti-socially in the future. Risk management is deemed to be a useful tool for determining the allocation of resources in the criminal justice system and a useful tool for determining the level of intervention (incarceration, length of incarceration, supervision, and level of supervision) necessary for a given offender. According to Kropp and Kropp (2002) risk management is prevention oriented approach as it attempts to match interventions with the level of risk (of recidivism) that individuals present.2 They define risk assessment as â€Å"the process of speculating in an informed way about the aggressive acts a person might commit and to determine the steps that should be taken to prevent those acts and minimize their negative consequences.†3 In criminological terms seeks to match resources to needs in an effort to minimize risk to society by matching intervention to the likelihood of an individual to commit future anti-social, violent or criminal acts. Robert S Cormier provides a useful summary of the range of contemporary risk assessment:4 Risk assessment has been commonly used to classify offenders in order to place them in suitable levels of institutional security.... Assessments are also done to assist in decisions regarding when and under what conditions an offender might be released from prison into the community, and are used to determine the appropriate treatment interventions and the level of supervision required to maintain an offender safely in the community. Risk assessment is the measurement tool, risk management is the act of pairing interv ention to level of need, and risk minimization is the objective of the risk management school of criminology. The Origins of Risk Management Kropp and Kropp acknowledge that risk management in criminology was initially crude, impoverished and inaccurate.5 Historically, â€Å"

Monday, November 18, 2019

Factors for the prevalence of diabetes and mental health(inpatient) in Research Paper

Factors for the prevalence of diabetes and mental health(inpatient) in the UK - Research Paper Example actors responsible for mental illness in the UK include infections, pregnancy, lack of essential nutrients, psychological factors, poor parenting, poor relationships, economic problems, poor relationships, family destructions, social expectations, etc. The differences between mental illness and mental disorders have also been elaborated in the discussion for better understanding. Recommendations have been made on the basis of the discussion and they include out of family marriage, addressing to environmental issues sincerely, taking precautions against viruses, encouraging breast feeding, increasing physical activities, reducing workload, minimising use of artificial flavour, eating more nutritious food, taking precautions during sexual intercourse as well as pregnancy, improving parenting and addressing to several social factors responsible for the prevalence of these dangerous diseases. Diabetes and mental illness are among the most prevalent diseases in the United Kingdom. People with these disorders die prematurely as compared to other diseases. Other than the deaths from accidents or unnatural incidents, the number of deaths from diabetes and mental illness are quite high. The relationship between diabetes and mental illness is now recognized on a broader scale (Diabetes U.K 2010). Usually there are two types of the diabetes that are found in co-occurrence with schizophrenia and that pairing of glucose tolerance affect the overall health of a person. Both the diseases collectively misuse substances present in the body affecting the health of patients severely leading them the mortality. Through several researches it is evaluated as well that the people with diabetes are more likely to die as compared to the people without the evidences of diabetes in their bodies. (Vinogradova et al. 2014) The researches on the death rates and the patients with such diseases are though no more ignored by the researchers yet the researches on the factors causing these

Saturday, November 16, 2019

The Butler S Lifecycle Model

The Butler S Lifecycle Model Balearic Islands consist of four island which are A, B, C and Mallorca. Mallorca is the largest island of the Balearic archipelago which accounts for nearly three quarters of the land with 80% of its population in Balearic Island (Bull 1997, 140). It area has covered about 3640 kilometer per square with the 555 km of the total coast length of the island (Garcia and Servera 2003, 288). The climate of Mallorca is typically Mediterranean with moderate average temperatures. During the summer, the dry and warm season takes place. The annual rainfalls are 625 mm, with average temperature 16 celcius and 18 celcious except in the high mountain. With its favorable climate, extensive coastline and attractive beaches have lured visitors for many centuries. The butlers lifecycle model (1980), describes the growth, stagnation and decline phases of a tourist destination can be best apply in the destination of Mallorca from the growth stage to post-stagnation stage. In the period of exploration and involvement stages of Butlers model which started in 1930s tourism takes place in Mallorca act merely as an instrument for stimulating cultural and intellectual activity (Bull 1997, 141). Early development stage 1955s When it comes to 1955 Mallorca Island is in development stage where mass tourism started to grow during that period. There was a re-establishment of the tourist board that have significantly change the tourism on the island whereby the tourism become more closely associated with the development of package holidays and mass tourism from the growing markets in western and northern Europe (Pearce 1991 and Williams 1997). However in 1959, Spanish government took the initiate to simplify the procedure of visiting the country in order to modernize the Spanish economy through tourism by gaining overseas revenue (Stabilisation Act of 1959). The numbers of visitors started to growth constantly in early 1960s, majority of the visitors were dominated from UK and Germany in large volumes concentrated especially during summer season (Clark 1988) (Figure 1). Consolidation stage-1980s-1990s Between 1960s-1980s the consequences from the boom of international tourism to Mallorca, it led to an intensive resort development of the along the coastline. Most of the island originated from the rapid growth of cheap package holidays in the 1960s. However in the late of 1970s, many buildings, resorts and apartments were built in order to cater large numbers of visitors and growing number of the populations. Majority of these early resorts were portrayed by standard high-rise architecture, short of proper infrastructure and lack of planning, which are typical of the consolidation stages of Butlers model. Buswell (1996, 321) has described the growth of tourist resolution on Mallorca as unplanned and piecemeal, even chaotic. After that resorts have been subject matter to stricter planning laws which set up in the 1980s and 1990s. Subsequently Mallorca has maintained its popularity with tourists, particularly from UK and Germany moreover constantly attracts more than 10 m visitors per annum (Buswell 1996 and Government Balear 2003) Stagnation and Decline stage-1990s-2000s In late 1990s, environmental pressures begin to emerge in Mallorca regarding to the issue such as water shortages, climate change, overcrowding, and over commercialization as well as anti-social behavior by its visitors. This eventually causes an overall of decline in number of visitors arrive to its destination. In provisions of destination life cycle dynamics, the tourism product of Mallorca was beginning to stagnate and decline and required management planning and policy intervention to bring about its rejuvenation (Butler, 1980). Development of Mass tourism in Calvia, Mallorca Calvià ¡ is a municipality of Mallorca which is also one of the largest tourism receiving areas. It accounted about one third of the total flow of tourists to Balearic Islands. It covers 145 km ² and has a coastal strip of 56 Km of beaches and cliffs which make it as absolutely suitable destination for mass tourism. It offers accommodation for 120,000 bedspaces and with approximately up to 1.6 million visitors a year (Aguilo, Algere and Sard, 2005). Furthermore, with its location in tiny distance from the airport of Palma creates an easily accessible to the visitors. The population of the resident increased from 3000 in habitants during 1960 up to 30,000 in the late nineties (Dodds 2007). Since 19th century, tourism began to be as main economic activity of its island (Ministerio de Economia y Hacienda, 2005). Tourism development in Calvià ¡ boomed in the 1960s and has been based on short-term economic gain. As Aguilo et al. (2005) states, it was one of the first municipalities to experience negative effects of mass tourism. Lack of planning regulations resulted in urban sprawl and lack of environmental regard, similar to many Mediterranean resorts. The model of tourism development in Mallorca has been based on short-term interest, unlimited building out of tune with local conditions, and an unsustainable exploitation of exceptional natural resources. Tourist development took place in 1960s to 1980s and was hasty and unplanned. Economy In economic point of view, tourism is important as it create job opportunities, infrastructure development as well as foreign exchange. The unemployment rate is much lower than national average (Ministerio de Trabajo 2005) as there are about 31,793 people employed in restaurant-bars, 2057 in means of transportation rental, 483 in supermarkets, 398 people employed in souvenir shops and another 1,684 work in other tourist facilities. Meanwhile 1,402 involved in beach business and 18,003 are involved in providing tourist activities. It has been estimated that Calvià ¡ owns a total number of 61749 vacancies providing tourist activities (Molz 2004). It has 30% higher income per capital of national and 5% higher of E.U. levels (Ministerio de Economia y Hacienda 2005). Looking at these figures it becomes absolutely obvious 85% of Balearic Islands GNP is from tourist industry, and tourism is the major source of income for the municipality of Calvià ¡. Therefore its economy is entirely reli ant upon it. From the statistics numbers given, it can be conclude that there is high number of labour force joining the labour market, the tourist monoculture especially during the peak seasonal pattern, labour with a low salary system, and pressure of work during high season (Local Agenda 21 2001). Socio culture impact While tourism provides certain economic benefits to a region at least in the short term, it also causes disturbance to the local way of life. For the locals the concerns may derive due to the unfulfilled promises, destruction of an older and simpler way of life, inadequacy of employment opportunities or dissatisfaction with the economic changes which came with mass tourism development. Before tourism takes place, Calvià ¡ was fundamentally a poor and rural area with little outside contact and general history of emigration with its own language and culture of Catalan roots (Ruzza 2004). However tourism has wholly altered these features; a vast number of immigration from the Spanish peninsula arrived to fulfill the demand for labour created by the growth of mass tourism, particularly in the building industry and the hotel business. Consequent to that the temporary immigrant population, has gradually turn into resident, eventually this causes the loss of cultural identity, conflict over language issues, and lack of social integration within local and immigrant population and tiny participation in local social life. Although Calvià ¡ is Spains richest municipality and one of the richest in Europe, it has the lowest level of education in Spain which itself the lowest in Europe (Ayuntament de Calvià ¡ 1995). Besides, majority of employment are for waiters and house cleaner which are lack of trained skilled professionals. Consequences of too many visitors Reason tourist choose Calvià ¡ as holiday destination The persistence of the sun and sand model (2005, 222), describes that the reason induces tourists to choose the particular sun and sand destination include the climate of 76.2%, the beaches (51.2%), the price (36.4%), and the quality of the hotels (22.2%). Among all, climate is the fundamental reason followed by the beaches which induces tourists for choosing such destination. As a result Calvià ¡ received a growing number of visitors who travel to a mass tourism holiday destination attracted by the sun, beaches and the climate. Calvià ¡ were seen as a model based on value, in terms of price competition it has lure many visitors especially from UK and German with it standardization of the holiday experience (CIITIB, 2002). Social impact For the local point of view, visitors seem to utilize the physical environment from the local however the profit that generated from the visitors are not share with the local community. Thus it create adverse impacts on livelihoods and lack of benefit sharing with the local people who will bear tourism related costs to both the human and natural environment. Eventually conflicts arise between local populations with vast number of visitors as they need to compete for limited use of resources such as water, sanitation, energy and land uses. For tourists the view is often recapitulate with the statements such as this used to be a paradise but now it is ruined because of overcrowding, over commercialization or overdevelopment. The mass tourism tackiness and the variety of problems experienced in Calvià ¡ have too often created blemish alongside beautiful natural scenery; crowded with large numbers of tourists as if they were many cattle; ruined traditional cultures and occupational patterns by creating a insidious tourism industry characterized by low paying service jobs and manipulative values; and ignored the needs of local citizens and the community values that were inconsistent with pragmatic economic requirements of the tourism industry. Environmental impact The risen numbers of visitors and residents have immense environmental pressure in Calvià ¡. As mentioned in butlers life cycle, Mallorca was in the period of stagnation in 1990s may lay on the line by emerging environmental pressure particularly water shortages and climatic change. Inadequate water supply The issue of inadequate water supply especially during peak period and summer season, water supplies is exacerbated by visitors flows for use in hotels, swimming pools and golf course. According to the statistic documented in 1995, the water consumption by visitors amounted of 160 liters per day whereby resident is only 130 liters. High demand in energy consumption Annual consumption of primary energy in Calvià ¡ amount to 72,000 TEP per year of which only 2% is renewable. However, the consumption per day was 6.47 kwh and visitors consumption amounted to 2.14 kwh per night stay in a hotel (Dodds 2007). Pollution by Transports The emissions of carbon dioxide equaled 1,400,000 tones which 58% is due to transporting tourist in and out of Mallorca. In Calvià ¡ 1995 statistic,70 million journeys per year where 50 million where from visitors which are a major cause of traffic congestion. Urban waste In 1995 Calvià ¡ produced 41000 tones of urban waste with approximately 1.25 kg per resident / day however 1kg per visitors per day. Moreover the options for disposal were limited. The production of wastewater and solid waste in visitor areas often surpass the carrying capacity of local infrastructure due the high seasonal demand. Deterioration of the Land use Building development in Calvià ¡ has been excessive with mass occupation of sandy beaches and important enclaves along the rocky coastline. With over 60% of Calvià ¡ territory was affected by soil erosion. There was continuous land occupation by urbanization and development of new infrastructure damage caused by quarries and waste dumps and devastation by forest fire. According to an accounting of the distribution of the entire area of Calvià ¡ made by Schmitt () in 1991 the build-up-area has quadrupled in the years from 1968 to 1991 (+311.6%). However 57% of archaeological heritage were at high risk of deterioration. Overcrowded beach Almost 80% of the analyzed cases show overcrowding despite an urban beach or natural beach. There is a strong seasonal concentration of visitors between June and September because of the demand for sun and beaches. Subsequently this led to overcrowded beach with less than 6 m ² of beach surface per person with increasing anthropogenic pressure over the coastal zone (Garcia and Jaume 2003, 287). Solution Calvià ¡ is an example of a mass tourism destination which, from a result of tourism pressure in the late 1980s, faced significant economic, social and environmental decline. As mentioned by Butler (1993) tourism is an activity because of its reliance upon the maintenance of natural environment and natural processes, should lent itself toward sustainable development. In the case of Calvià ¡ the decrease of tourism numbers and Balearic Island as a whole driven regulations and efforts to move towards addressing the problems of the degradation of the environment, deterioration of social systems and facilities and the threat of further tourism decline. Definition of Planning and Policy The definition of planning is extremely ambiguous and difficult to define. Chadwick (1971, 24) states that planning is a process of human thought with an action based upon the thought in point of fact, forethought, thought for the future, nothing more or less than this is planning. Meanwhile Hall (2008, 90) supported Chadwicks ideas to conclude that most important aspect of planning is that it is directed towards the future. However, planning cannot be accomplished without policy because it is closely related terms. Wilkinson (1997) linked planning and policy by stating planning is a course of action, whereas policy is the implementation of the planned course of action. Planning and policy in the case of Calvià ¡ Calvià ¡ Plan for tourist Excellent 1990 The plan was developed in 1990 as to target the threat of decline. It comes along with the Balearic Autonomous community in cooperation with the municipalities as to modernize, improve and diversify the tourism. This plan included building clearance to regain open space, try to counterbalance the seasonal nature of tourism and training and employment. However this plan is mainly focused on the industry supply side instead of sustainability of the destination and host community did not involve at all. As a result, it did not attempt to overcome the growing issues that have arisen. Calvià ¡ Local Agenda 21 (LA21) 1995 At the end of 1994, the Town council of Calvià ¡, together with a range of working groups, drew up the Local Agenda 21 for Calvià ¡ as a long term strategies integrated with economic, social, territorial and environment actions. In formulating LA21 in 1995 and Action Plan in 1997, the Municipality of Calvià ¡ actively involved the support of local community, all the stakeholders, NGO as well as national and EU governments. The key objectives for LA21 Calvià ¡ concentrating on entering a new culture based on sustainable and participatory urban and tourism planning; emphasize environmental management of the destination, look for for agreement and consensus with social representatives, control development and act for more stable employment in the area. (Calvià ¡ Agenda Local 21, Mallorca, Spain 2004). In 1998 New Balearic Law in Calvià ¡ was set out as to limit accommodation growth, restore existing hotels and to protect 40% of natural areas. The objectives of the LA21 comprises of 10 strategic lines of action and 40 initiatives. Key results that have been achieved since the implementation of Calvià ¡s 1997 plan The LA21 Action Plan which were set out in 1997 were seems to have improvement in a general movement toward sustainability within the region and as Calvià ¡ is fairly autonomous, it was able to adopt and implement many initiatives without the need for collaboration from higher government. Among those key results that have been achieved since the implementation of the LA21 action plan are stated below: Planning and Regeneration Zero increase in number of hotels and apartments as well as drop of 200 beds 1993-2002-about 30 building clearance plan actions were carried out including actual building demolition and the purchase of urban plots to prevent further construction. Demolished buildings of the entire surface area reaches more than 13,500m ². Upgraded area in Magaluf Palma Nova tourist area by creating pedestrian zones and planting tree as to improve the overall quality of the area. 32 km cycling and walking path was built in Paseo de Calvià ¡ Environmental instruments Tax on water for conservation and awareness campaigns promoting its use and conservation established Recycling urban waste reduction plans to ensure 70% of all urban waste is separated at origin, facilitating reducing cost of recycling effort, minimizing land fill. Termination of sea dredging previously used to generate beaches and more environmentally friendly measures put in place to minimize erosion New regulating for limiting anchor damage harbor congestion caused by boats Establishment of marine park terrestrial protected areas as to protect wildlife ecosystems Economic instruments Impose an eco-tax in 2002 by Balearic Government; the funds were used to carry out Calvià ¡ council rehabilitation and regenerative projects. Voluntary instruments Renovation programmes for hotels, tourist accommodation and tourist facilities established to upgrade quality and attract a higher yield tourist Socio cultural instruments Programmes to combat crime, housing and other social issues Multi-cultural and social programmes such as dance, underwater photography and language classes established to help integrate immigrants into Mallorquin culture. Calvià ¡ has been recognized internationally for its efforts conclusion Calvià ¡ 2.0 The development of mass tourism in Calvia, Mallorca. 2.1 Definition of Mass Tourism Over the last decades, tourism has increasingly playing a vital role as a source of economic sector despite for many developed and developing countries. The tourism industry has given an opportunity to millions ofpeople to travel internationally, as travel and recreation are becoming more accessible to people,it is knowable to be the world leading economic sector during this decade.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

French Revolution :: essays research papers

French Revolution "Revolutions evolve in definite phases. At first they are moderate in scope, then they become radical to excess and finally they are brought to abrupt conclusions by the emergence of a strong man to restore order." Discuss this statement with specific references to the French Revolution. The French Revolution brought about great changes in the society and government of France. The revolution, which lasted from 1789 to 1799, also had far-reaching effects on the rest of Europe. "It introduced democratic ideals to France but did not make the nation a democracy. However, it ended supreme rule by French kings and strengthened the middle class." (Durant, 12) After the revolution began, no European kings, nobles, or other members of the aristocracy could take their powers for granted or ignore the ideals of liberty and equality. The revolution began with a government financial crisis but quickly became a movement of reform and violent change. In one of the early events, a crowd in Paris captured the Bastille, a royal fortress and hated symbol of oppression. A series of elected legislatures then took control of the government. King Louis XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette, were executed. Thousands of others met the same fate in a period known as the Reign of Terror. The revolution ended when Napoleon Bonaparte, a French general, took over the government. At the beginning of the revolution, events seemed minor and proceeded in a logical fashion. One of the reasons the revolution originated was the discontent among the lower and middle classes in France. By law, society was divided in to three groups called estates. The first estate was made of up clergy, nobles comprised the second and the rest of the citizens, the third estate. The third estate resented certain advantages of the first two estates. The clergy and nobles did not have to pay most taxes. The third estate, especially the peasants, had to provide almost all the country's tax revenue. Many members of the middle class were also worried by their social status. They were among the most important people in French society but were not recognized as such because they belonged to the third estate. "Financial crisis developed because the nation had gone deeply into debt to finance the Seven Years War (1756-1763) and the Revolutionary War (1775-1783)." (Durant, 22) The Parliament of Paris insisted that King Louis XVI could borrow more money or raise taxes only by calling a meeting of the States-General.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Law Case Digest Essay

In 1977, four loans from Allied Banking Corporation which is enclosed by four promissory notes amounting P100, 000 each was acquired by Elias Q. Tan, then President of Lapu-lapu Foundation, Inc. The bank was inhibited to file with the Regional Trial Court of Cebu City, Branch 15, a protest in looking for payment by Tan and the foundation, jointly and solely, of the sum of P493, 566.61 representing their attorney’s fees and costs, loan obligation, penalty charges, exclusive of interests. For the reason that as of January 23, 1979, Tan and the foundation were not able to pay the whole obligation with a total of P493, 566.61 and regardless of the demands made on them by the Bank. The foundation denied of acquiring the indebtedness from the Bank as their answer to the complaint. They said that the loans were obtained by Tan in his personal capacity, for his own use and benefit and on the strength of the personal information he provided the Bank. The Foundation upheld that it never gave Tan authorization to co-sign in his place as its President any promissory note and that the Bank is fully aware that the loans contracted were made in Tan’s personal capacity and for his own personal use and benefit and that the Foundation never benefitted, directly or indirectly in any way or manner, thereof. The Foundation then interjected a cross-claim against Tan declaring that he, going beyond his authority, should be solely liable for the said loans, and a counterclaim against the Bank for damages and attorney’s fees. For Tan’s part, he admitted that he committed the loans from the Bank in his personal capacity. The parties, however, agreed that the loans were to be paid from the proceeds of Tan’s shares of common stocks in the Lapu-Lapu Industries Corporation which is a real estate firm. The loans were covered by promissory notes which were automatically rekindled every year at an amount which includes the unpaid interest, until the time that Tan would be able to pay the same amount from the proceeds of his abovementioned shares. According to Tan, the employee of the Bank required him to attach two signatures on every promissory note, giving him guarantee that the loan documents would be filled out in accordance with their agreement. Yet, after he signed and delivered the loan documents to the Bank, these were filled out not in accord with their agreement, wherein the Foundation was included as party. Further, previous to its filling of the complaint, the Bank made no claim on him. After the trial, the court handed over judgment. First, obliged Tan and the Foundation to pay jointly and solely to the Bank the principal obligation for the four promissory notes in the amount of P 493, 566.61 which includes all their charges included in the same, with 14% interest per annum, computed from January 24, 1979 until the same are fully paid, with an additional 2% service charges and 1% monthly penalty charges. Second, the court obliged Tan and the Foundation to pay jointly and solely, attorney’s fees in the equivalent amount of 25% of the total amount due from them on the promissory notes, including all charges and lastly, both Tan and the Foundation are obliged to pay jointly and solely proceedings expenses of P 1,000.00 plus costs of the suit. The CA supported with modification the judgment of the court by deleting the award of attorney’s fees in the favor of the Bank so that there will be no bias. The petition for review on certiorari was filed by Tan an d the Foundation. ISSUE: 1. Whether Tan and the foundation should be held jointly and solely liable. 2. Whether the foundation gave Tan an apparent authority to deal with the Bank. RULING: 1. As it is in the doctrine of corporate entity, the court did not make a mistake in holding Tan and the Foundation jointly and solely liable. Given these circumstances – Tan representing himself as the President of Lapu-Lapu Foundation Inc., Tan opening a savings account and a current account in the name of the corporation, signing the application form as well as the necessary sample signature cards twice for himself and the Foundation, and Tan submitting a notarized Secretary’s Certificate from the corporation, attesting that he has been authorized to sign for and in behalf of the Lapu-Lapu Foundation any and all checks, drafts or other orders with respect to the Bank; to perform business with the Bank, negotiate loans, agreement, obligations, promissory notes and other commercial documents; and to initially acquire a loan of P100, 000.00 from any bank – Tan and the Foundation cannot hide under the corporate veil. Because of the transactions Tan entered on the behalf of the Foundation, the Foundation is deemed liable. 2. According to the Secretary’s Certificate, Tan, the President, was given supposed and clear authority by the Foundation to, among other things, deal with the Bank. For that reason, the Foundation is prohibited from questioning the authority of Tan to attain the subject loans from the respondent Bank. Since it is a known doctrine that if a corporation knowingly allows one of its officers, or any other agents, to act within the scope of a noticeable authority, and holds him out to the public as someone who holds the power to do those acts, the corporation is prohibited from denying the agent’s authority.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

dred scott decision essays

dred scott decision essays The Dred Scott decision of 1865 had many implications on the status of free blacks in the United States, along with the concept of popular sovereignty, and the future of slavery in America. Dred Scott was a slave who moved in with his master to the free state of Illinois. He claimed that residence in a free state made him a free man, and he fought for his freedom all the way to the Supreme Court (1865). Chief Justice Taney ruled that since blacks could not be citizens, they had no right to sue in a federal court. The court also went further and said the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. This decision greatly affected the status of free blacks in the United States. They were not allowed any additional rights due to the fact that they were not citizens. Therefore, they could not advance in society socially, and otherwise. Because of this, they could not vote and freely voice their opinions as the Constitution did not apply to them. The Dred Scott decision also had many implications on the concept of popular sovereignty. It was questioned that if Congress could not exclude slaves from a territory, how could a mere territorial legislature do so? Until statehood was granted, slavery seemed as unprofaned as freedom of religion or speech or any other civil liberty guaranteed by the Constitution. Where formerly freedmen (as guaranteed in the Bill of Rights) was a national institution and slavery a local one, now according to the Court, slavery was nationwide, as was excluded only where states specifically abolished it. This meant that popular sovereignty had virtually no jurisdiction in the aspect of slavery in a territory, because slavery was only abolished if a state specifically said so. The future of slavery was also impacted upon by the Dred Scott decision. It convinced thousands that the South was engaged in an aggressive attempt to extend the peculiar institution so far that it could no longer be c...

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

5 Slang Words That May Never Be Legit

5 Slang Words That May Never Be Legit 5 Slang Words That May Never Be Legit 5 Slang Words That May Never Be Legit By Mark Nichol OK, like, OMG, I’m totally not bagging on you for tweeting or FBing or blogging these words, but they are so bogus in formal writing. LOL 1. Amirite This trendy favorite of commenters on pop-culture Web sites, meant to suggest a glibly tossed â€Å"Am I right?† I figured that out after initially wondering what the heck uh-mere-uh-tee meant has about as much chance of making it into the dictionary as fuhgeddaboudit. Save it for the fanboys you can do better than that. 2. Craptastic/craptacular These mash-ups of, respectively, crap and fantastic and crap and spectacular first cropped up in snarky online lambasting of overhyped pop-culture phenomena in the 1990s. I chuckled the first couple of times I came across them, but though they are ideal terms for assuming a sarcastic tone, they are best used in moderation and are not, and perhaps will never become, mainstream expressions of derision. Safer alternatives for general publication include absurd, laughable, ludicrous, preposterous, ridiculous, and risible. 3. Genius Out of seemingly nowhere, online correspondents began to use this as a short form of ingenious, as in â€Å"That’s such a genius move.† It has not acquired legitimacy, and in other than jocular usage, you don’t have to be a genius to avoid it. 4. Ginormous This collision of gigantic and enormous, dating from the 1990s, is a vivid term, but it is superfluous, considering that humongous, which also seemed to appear spontaneously in casual usage when it came on the scene in the 1960s, has already acquired a respectability the newer term as yet lacks. Plenty of words meaning â€Å"extremely large† exist: colossal, gargantuan, gigantic, immense, mammoth, massive, monstrous, prodigious, titanic, and vast, for starters. None of them has the neologistic cachet of ginormous, but the latter is for now only suitable in informal writing. 5. A Slang Word That Isn’t The adjective cliche, used in place of cliched, as in â€Å"That’s so cliche,† was originally on this list, until I looked it up and discovered, to my surprise, that it is a legitimate variant. Its sudden recent vogue lured me into thinking it was being misused in an affected manner much like the adjective genius (see above) is. It’s correct, but you’re welcome to use one of many synonyms, like hackneyed or trite. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Compared "to" or Compared "with"?Homogeneous vs. HeterogeneousComment, Suggestion, and Feedback

Monday, November 4, 2019

New Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

New Media - Essay Example Its examples are the Internet, websites, DVDs, CD-ROMs, vide-games, and computer multimedia. These new media technologies have not only become a necessary part of our daily lives but also have dramatically changed our way of living, affecting almost all aspects of our lives in various ways. As new media technologies have become increasingly the ordinary way by which we transact our daily businesses, its positive impact cannot be denied. In the first place, if the new media has not been beneficial to the lives of individuals and the society as a whole, it would have not been widely used and would have not become as pervasive as it is today. However, against its beneficial effects is its negative impact of what many critics termed as the digital divide, which various definitions (OECD, 2001; Boyd, 2002; Wolff & MacKinnon, 2002; Hilbert, 2011) can be summarized as the disproportionate distribution of new media technologies in terms of access, capability, and usage. Just like the undeniable beneficial impacts of new media technologies, so is the digital divide as statistics show. According to the Digital Divide Network (2002), more or less 429 million online users worldwide actually correspond to only 6% of the entire world population. The small proportion of online users is true even in highly developed countries (Sweden at 61% and Spain at 20%), meaning there exists a digital divide even in highly industrialized countries. But this becomes far greater when access and usage are compared between the â€Å"have† and the â€Å"have not† countries – the International Labor Organization (2001) reports that industrialized countries account for 90% of online users worldwide, with the United States and Canada leading both at 57%. On the contrary, the combined online users of Africa and the Middle East account for only 1% of global online users (as cited in Boyd, 2002, p. 113) The emergence of the digital divide, as can be gleaned from

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Identify and discuss two nutrition problems facing america and 2 Essay

Identify and discuss two nutrition problems facing america and 2 recommendations to lwer the risk and health coasts associated with these issues - Essay Example Eating a balanced diet is a nutritional value that the Americans have ignored or do not follow, thus the rising economic and individual costs on healthcare. Past researches portrays that restaurants have increased due to the increase in demand for food and drinks from the Americans who do not like cooking and not observing the need for balanced diet. These poor nutritional habits are the cause of many deadly diseases that are expensive to maintain thus the need for the essay to discuss some of them. Obesity and diabetes are the major illnesses caused by poor nutrition habits that affect most of the American citizens and they facilitate the emergence of other chronic diseases (Duggan, Watkins, & Walker, 2008). Obesity is a body mass index (BMI) that is greater than 30 kg/m2 and it is caused by overeating and consumption of food rich in fats. Obesity and over weight is increasing at an alarming rate in the U.S. and this disease has led to the government increasing its resources on this disease to $150 billion. In the past 30 years, obesity and overweight have increased and currently more than 60% of the adults are either obese or overweight. The individual expenses have increased due to the increase of people paying to reduce weight. The increment in obesity is identical to the increment of restaurants in the U.S. since most people have adopted the consumption of fast food and Trans fats. The rate of children obesity is also in the rise since in 1974 only 5.1% of children were obese. The reports released in 2008 reveal that more than 14.6% of children were obese (Pan American Health Organization. 2010). The issue of obesity has become a global crisis. The World Health Organization (WHO) has listed it in its top ten-health crisis, and it is undertaking measures to enlighten the world on the issue of healthy nutrition. The BMI used by the WHO has been changed and

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Discribe the structure and function to the relevant organ system as Essay

Discribe the structure and function to the relevant organ system as the day progresses - Essay Example In the morning, blood flow to the small intestine will be increased to transport the absorbed nutrients to the liver and then to the rest of the body. Excess glucose will be stored in the liver, muscle cells and adipose tissue. During the walk to work, the cardiovascular system will respond by increasing the heart rate to source oxygen and glucose to the muscle cells. If the nature of the work requires a lot of physical activities, the cardiovascular system will respond in the same way. However, the heart rate will reduce during rest periods (Daniels, 2012, p. 244). In the afternoon, the cardiovascular system will respond to the food intake by supplying more blood to the small intestine to facilitate absorption of nutrients. Excess amino acids will be broken down in the liver and the wastes transported to the kidney for excretion while the rest will be transported to the cells which require them. During the snack after lunch, more fluid will be absorbed in the colon and kidneys to replace fluids lost during the day. In the evening, the cardiovascular system will respond to the exercise training and walk by increasing blood flow to the muscle cells. Increased supply replenishes the lost water and electrolytes in the muscles, thus preventing rapid muscle fatigue. During supper, the blood supply will be concentrated on the digestive tract to facilitate absorption of nutrients from the small intestine and water from the colon. The digestive system also plays an important role during the day. Its main function is to break down complex food particles to simpler forms that can be easily absorbed in the body. In the morning, blood glucose levels are low due to the night spent without food intake. As a result, the stomach will send signals to the brain to stimulate hunger. After the food has been ingested, digestion will take place, and the body will absorb the glucose from the breakfast meal to be used as a source of energy for

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Proxy Server Essay Example for Free

Proxy Server Essay Annotations: This research paper is an extract from an about 100 pages enfolding diploma thesis of Martin Eisermann, student at the Fachhochschule Rosenheim (University of Applied Sciences), Germany. It contains the results of performance tests, accomplished with MS Proxy Server 2.0, MS ISA Server and Linux Squid Proxy. This work reflects the personal impressions and test results of the author, made with web performance testing software, described later in this document. The paper is a translation from German into the English language, so it might not be written with the best phraseology. Microsoft, Windows, Windows NT, Windows XP, Internet Information Server (IIS), Web Application Stress Tool, Internet Security and Acceleration (ISA) Server, Proxy 2.0 are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and other countries/regions. Other products and Company names mentioned herein may be trademarks of the respective owners. 1. Executive Summary This technical research paper contains the results of a performance test scenario with the Microsoft Internet Security and Acceleration (ISA) server, which should make clear, how good proxy servers can improve the speed of a web server. At the beginning, it describes the structure of the test scenario, with aspects of hardware and software. Then, a product will be chosen from a variety of different test tools, which compete with each other. The benefits and drawbacks of every product will be elucidated. The next chapter explains, which products will be compared with the MS ISA server and why they were selected. The following test results are representing the biggest section in this research paper. Finally, there is a short summary of the newly gained cognitions. 2. Test scenario To get an impression, how proxy servers can improve the performance of a network or of a single web server, the following scenario was build: 100 Mbit 100 Mbit Webserver (IIS 5.0) Proxy Server Workstations ill. 1 The workstations shown in illustration 1 are simulating the internal LAN (local area network) clients, which are among themselves connected with a fast Ethernet switch (100 Mbit). The web server, which is also connected with 100 Mbit, simulates the Internet. However, this network capacity is mostly not found in small and/ or middle enterprises, but for compensation, the web server is an outdated machine. The technical data of all components used for the tests is described in table 1. Technical data: System web server proxy server Workstations CPU Pentium AMD Duron Pentium II MHz RAM 200 800 400 96 MB 512 MB 256 MB OS Win XP Prof., IIS 5.0 variable Win NT 4.0 Prof. Tab. 1 3. Test tool selection In the Internet, it is not difficult to find programs, which can execute diverse performance tests for web servers. Many of them, especially if they are build for Linux, are free of charge, but if one likes to have graphical analysis it gets more difficult. Often one has to decide using a Microsoft Windows 32-bit application, which, in general, costs a lot of money. Another problem is the possibility to integrate a proxy server to the web testing tools. Most tools dont support that. Of course, this is comprehensible: which operator, who wants to test his web server performance, likes the results be influenced by a proxy? But in this scenario, it is absolutely necessary. Regarding this two product selection preconditions, there arent left a lot tools. Three remaining products are the WebPolygrah Benchmark Tool from Measurement Factory, Microsofts Web Application Stress Tool and the Web Performance TrainerTM from Web Performance Inc. On a first look, they all three seem to offer the wished functionality. a) WebPolygraph Benchmark Tool: The WebPolygraph Benchmark Tool is freely availably at http://www.webpolygraph.org. The tool was originally developed for Linux based systems, but in between there are also MS Windows 32-bit binaries downloadable. The actually available documentation in the Internet is not sufficient to set up a test environment quickly and without intensive knowledge of the product. More examples and more detailed descriptions would help a lot. A graphical user interface is not implemented, too. b) Microsoft Web Application Stress Tool Also freely available is Microsofts web testing utility, the Web Application Stress Tool. It is downloadable at http://www.microsoft.com. The documentation, which can be found in the Internet, is clearly structured and useful. The handling of the product is intuitive for experienced Windows users. The missing integration of a proxy server in its configuration setup, makes the tool nearly useless, but Microsoft offers a solution: one have to install the Microsoft Proxy Client (or the Microsoft ISA Firewall Client) on the machine, which is used to perform the web tests, then the tests are working suitable. There is only one more problem left, which will get clearer in the next few minutes: There is no proxy client or firewall client available for Linux! And because there is a Linux product in the test environment, the Stress Tool is not useful at last. c) Web Performance TrainerTM 2.4 Finally, the software product from Web Performance Inc. (http://www.webperformanceinc.com) fulfilled all preconditions: graphical user interface, proxy configuration, easy understandable, Internet based documentation. All installation problems and handling questions where answered fast and competent. The product handling is similar to the Web Application Stress Tool, but there are versions for both, Linux and Windows operating systems. The demo version only supports an amount of 25 users, but Web Performance Inc. offered a time limited 3000 user version, for the tests. At this point many thanks for that again. 4. Test specification The web content for the tests is completely static, that means pictures and html-files, No dynamic pages like asp or php were inherited. Reason: these pages are normally not cached in a proxy server. The amount of data used is about 4.8 MB. The test run time is determined to 30 minutes. Significant performance differences should be visible within this time. The Web Performance trainer v2.4 can increase the number of concurrent users by 25 every minute. So, at the end of the test, a maximum number of 750 users can poll the web server. 5. Choosing the proxy products If someone tests the speed of a web or proxy server, he would not now, if his results are good or bad, if he doesnt make a comparison with other products. For this reason, beside the ISA server, the Microsoft Proxy 2.0 and a Linux Squid proxy were other test candidates. The decision for MS Proxy 2.0 is easy to explain. It is the original product, Microsoft build the ISA server on. It also runs on Windows 32bit operating systems and Microsoft propagates, that the ISA server runs about 10 times faster. The Linux squid proxy is in the test field, because it has the same functionality like the MS proxy versions, but runs on a completely different platform. Another reason is, that Linux and squid are both freeware products and thats a big advantage. 6. The test results The most important results, if one tests the performance of web or proxy servers, are described with the data: Total Hits, Errors, Hits/sec and Bytes/sec. In all following diagrams, the colors are defined as follows: Total Hits Errors red Hits/sec Bytes/sec black yellow (with factor: 0,001 kB/sec) green 6.1 Web server (standalone) For a first view, the next two illustrations are showing the test results of the web server, without a proxy: Ill. 2 Ill. 3 While the 30 minutes test duration there were only 111.451 hits and 298.778 errors recognized by the Web Performance TrainerTM and only 470 users could by simulated at all. In the first minutes of the test, the amount of kilobytes per second is relatively high (~ 550) but from minute 11:00, they decrease to an average number of 165 kb/s. A stable result of only 50 hits per second can be metered. Already explained before in this paper, the used web server is an old computer, so these bad results are nothing to wonder. How good the results could get with proxy servers in front of it, will be shown in the next chapter. 6.2 MS Proxy 2.0 vs. MS ISA-Server In a first step, the two Microsoft products will be compared with each other. Already their total hits within this 30 minutes, differ a lot. The ISA-Server has about four times better results than it’s predecessor, while the total number of errors is just about three times higher. MS Proxy 2.0 – Total Hits: 206.953 – Errors: 74.572 Ill. 4 Ill. 5 MS ISA-Server – Total Hits: 781.851 – Errors: 232.879 So, the superiority of the new product is verified. Surprisingly, the count of errors of the MS Proxy 2.0 loose their nearly parallel growth with the total hits line in the 8th minute, and increase much slower in the next 22 test minutes. For this effect couldn’t be found a reason. MS Proxy 2.0 – Hits/Sec – kB/s Ill. 6 MS ISA-Server – Hits/Sec – kB/s Ill. 7 The comparison of the hits/s, shows that the MS Proxy 2.0 cannot exceed the previous peak values of the web server a lot, but holds them constantly (~ 550 kB/s at ~120 hits/s). Whereas the ISA server lies with it’s ~500 hits/s explicit over the MS Proxy 2.0. A ten times higher rate, shown in the small illustration 8 (submitted by Microsoft), cannot be proven. Ill. 7 6.3 Linux Squid vs. MS ISA server The second test candidate is the squid proxy server, based on the operating system RedHat Linux version 7.2. The software products can be downloaded freely from the Internet (http://www.redhat.com; http://www.squid-cache.org). The squid version, used for the test, is release 2.4 stable 1-5. Linux Squid – Total Hits: 1.335.949 – Errors: 303.204 Ill. 9 MS ISA-Server – Total Hits: 781.851 – Errors: 232.879 Ill. 10 This comparing test shows significantly, the higher performance of the squid proxy in opposite to the MS ISA server: it is nearly doubled. The amount of not completed requests is irrelevant higher. Further results like hits per second and kilobytes per second are making this even clearer. Linux Squid – Hits/Sec – kB/s Ill. 11 MS ISA-Server – Hits/Sec – kB/s Ill. 12 In the first six minutes, ISA and squid are competing with each other and are reaching values of 2.600 kb/sec. But then, the performance of the ISA server slackens and even decreases to an average value of 2.200 kb/s. Whereas the performance of the squid proxy reaches its limit not before the maximum possible network throughput rate (at 100 Mbit) of about 4450 kb/sec in the 9th test minute. Then the average value also decreases a little until circa 4300 kbytes per second. 7. Summary The squid proxy, running on a freeware product, is apparently the fastest proxy server within the three test candidates. Its normal implementation is not hard, if the corresponding administrator has little knowledge about Linux. On the other hand, which corporation is in the need of this high caching rates? Who has 750 users that make 1.35 million web requests in 30 minutes? So, if there is already a Windows based network, which perhaps already implemented a MS Proxy 2.0 server, there is no real need to change to a Linux proxy variant instead of updating to an ISA server. On further reason, to prefer the MS ISA server instead of the squid proxy in an existing Windows based network, might be, that all already implemented user groups can be left and later used in the ISA server configuration after an update. Implementing the authorization structure of a Windows 2000 or NT domain on a Linux computer is certainly possible, but probably not easy for a typical Windows Administrator. And implementing the users on two security